聽(tīng)力長(zhǎng)對(duì)話短期突破：從真題入手
單就聽(tīng)力長(zhǎng)對(duì)話而言，長(zhǎng)對(duì)話作為六級(jí)聽(tīng)力改革后的新題型體現(xiàn)了四六級(jí)命題組對(duì)于考試改革的訴求強(qiáng)調(diào)在實(shí)際環(huán)境中的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。涉及到的對(duì)話場(chǎng)景內(nèi)容非常廣泛，從校園生活到生活中的各種場(chǎng)景。學(xué)生可以通過(guò)抓住信號(hào)詞 來(lái)判斷具體場(chǎng)景。經(jīng)常涉及到的場(chǎng)景有：旅游（飛機(jī)、機(jī)場(chǎng)、出行準(zhǔn)備等）、校園、工作面試、訪談等。
我們分析一篇文章。
例題：2008年12月長(zhǎng)對(duì)話1
W: Right, well, in the studio this morning, for our interview spot is Peter Wilson 【人名，重要】. Peter works for Green Peace 【特殊表達(dá)，文章主題詞】. So, Peter, welcome.
M: Thanks a lot. Its good to be here.
W: Great! Now, Peter, perhaps you can tell us something about Green Peace and your job there.【寒暄，為了迷惑考生，此處進(jìn)入正題】
M: Sure. Well, Ill start by telling you roughly what Green Peace is all about. I actually work in London for the Green Peace organization（人物職業(yè)，22題考點(diǎn)1）. Weve been going for a few decades and were a non-violent, non-political organization. Were involved in anti-nuclear activity, conservation and protection of animals and protection and support of our eco-system. Im the action organizer and arrange any protests.（人物職業(yè)重復(fù)，22題考點(diǎn)1）
W: Right! A pretty important role, Peter. What sort of protest would you organize?
M: Well, recently weve been involved in anti-nuclear campaigns. （問(wèn)答關(guān)系，23題考點(diǎn)2）I, personally arranged for the demonstration against radioactive waste dumping in the Atlantic Ocean. Weve got a few small Green Peace boats that we harass（特殊詞匯，首次出現(xiàn)，24題考點(diǎn)2） the dumping ship with.
W: Say? Hold on, Peter. I thought you said your organization was non-violent. What do you mean by harass?（重復(fù)核心詞，也是問(wèn)題所在。問(wèn)答關(guān)系。）
M: Well, we circle round and round the ships and get in the way when they try to dump the drums of nuclear waste in the sea.（針對(duì)問(wèn)題harass的具體回答，24題考點(diǎn)3） We talk to the men and try to change, you know, yell at them to stop. We generally make ourselves as much of a nuisance as possible.
M: Well, people may think differently of your methods, but theres no doubt youre doing a great job.（轉(zhuǎn)折詞but+態(tài)度判斷詞great，25題考點(diǎn)4） Keep it up and good luck （繼續(xù)態(tài)度判斷）. And thanks for talking with us.
W: Thanks for having me.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
22. What is the mans chief responsibility in the Green Peace organization?
A. Organising protests C. Acting as its spokesman.
B. Recruiting members D. Saving endangered animals.
23. What has Green Peace been involved in recently?
A. Anti-animal-abuse demonstrations B. Anti-nuclear campaigns
C. Surveying the Atlantic Ocean floor D. Removing industrial waste.
24. How does Green Peace try to stop people from dumping nuclear waste?
A. By harassing them. C. By taking legal action.
B. By appealing to the public D. By resorting to force.
25. What is the womans attitude towards the Green Peaces campaigns?
A. Doubtful C. Indifferent.
B. Reserved D. Supportive
解析：針對(duì)文章本身，我們秉承一貫的解析傳統(tǒng)，將原文和考點(diǎn)的出處以及正確答案分別作了標(biāo)注，考生可以一一對(duì)應(yīng)，自行找出字里行間的考點(diǎn)。
做題的時(shí)候一定要和短文一樣對(duì)題目的出題位置有明確的把握，位置感很重要。一般而言，對(duì)話時(shí)，開(kāi)頭的客套以及問(wèn)候與結(jié)尾的道別結(jié)束語(yǔ)很少出題，而對(duì)話中段往往才是重點(diǎn)。
從重點(diǎn)劃線部分我們發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話和短文題目做題有著驚人的相似！問(wèn)答式的考點(diǎn)（一問(wèn)一答中Question針對(duì)問(wèn)題發(fā)問(wèn)，回答是正確答案考點(diǎn)），分層次的考察（Top-Down Level），建議請(qǐng)求的運(yùn)用。特別明顯的是對(duì)話的開(kāi)頭部分一直在糾纏Green Peace如何以及Peter怎么樣，所以只考察了一道題目，第二道題目直到對(duì)話的中部才出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)人直到那時(shí)才從Green Peace的基本介紹轉(zhuǎn)到Peter的工作和日常事務(wù)這個(gè)話題上來(lái)。此外，這則對(duì)話還秉承了passage的一個(gè)重要的考察方式，就是在對(duì)話的開(kāi)頭部分一定會(huì)出題目。這一點(diǎn)的考察利用的是考生往往很難在一個(gè)段落剛開(kāi)始的時(shí)候集中注意力，所以這時(shí)候考察的題目難度就顯得很高。
另外，24題的考法是長(zhǎng)對(duì)話中最典型的一種，就是針對(duì)動(dòng)作行為進(jìn)行發(fā)問(wèn)，考點(diǎn)在于考生需要聽(tīng)明白人物發(fā)出的動(dòng)作是什么，原文的動(dòng)詞harass和選項(xiàng)的harass是一摸一樣，屬于最簡(jiǎn)單的考法，而且原文重復(fù)兩次，因此考生對(duì)此即便是不知道harass是什么意思也能選對(duì)。
25題的考法是一貫的長(zhǎng)對(duì)話結(jié)尾題，往往以態(tài)度判斷和結(jié)論作為考察對(duì)象，此題選項(xiàng)均為態(tài)度詞，很容易判斷，另外，注意到選項(xiàng)呈現(xiàn)三負(fù)一正的格局，因此答案是顯然的。
綜上所述，長(zhǎng)對(duì)話并不可怕，它結(jié)合了短對(duì)話對(duì)問(wèn)答句式，態(tài)度判斷和關(guān)鍵場(chǎng)景賜予的考察和短文部分對(duì)文章層次和理解能力的要求。所以做這樣的題目往往需要具備綜合的素質(zhì)，既要注意其中的細(xì)節(jié)，又要注意整體的把握，還要能夠應(yīng)付二篇文章中一共7道題目的題量，對(duì)于綜合能力的要求是顯著提高了。建議考生在練習(xí)的時(shí)候可以先把短對(duì)話和長(zhǎng)段子兩部分分別練好，再尋找一些長(zhǎng)對(duì)話題目進(jìn)行綜合練習(xí)。我們熟悉的雅思考試和托福考試的真題中都有大量的長(zhǎng)對(duì)話題目可供大家參考。
做題建議：
1.提前瀏覽，有備而聽(tīng)
對(duì)于任何一種考試來(lái)說(shuō)，題目本身其實(shí)也是線索，只要運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，勢(shì)必獲益非淺。所以，考試時(shí)在聽(tīng)力考試錄音開(kāi)始之前要盡可能抽時(shí)間瀏覽所有選項(xiàng)，以便預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)話的主題和相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。
當(dāng)然，從錄音材料看來(lái)，通過(guò)instruction我們知道，短對(duì)話和長(zhǎng)對(duì)話之間幾乎沒(méi)有什么時(shí)間間隔，所以不能等到短對(duì)話結(jié)束時(shí)再來(lái)瀏覽長(zhǎng)對(duì)話選項(xiàng)，而應(yīng)在放Section A的Direction時(shí)就開(kāi)始。為了顧全長(zhǎng)短對(duì)話，我們的策略是：考生可以先迅速瀏覽前四個(gè)短對(duì)話的選項(xiàng)，用以備聽(tīng)做題，而從第五個(gè)對(duì)話開(kāi)始，每個(gè)短對(duì)話之間都有15秒左右的時(shí)間間隔，考生可利用這段時(shí)間來(lái)預(yù)讀下一題的選項(xiàng)。當(dāng)讀完前四個(gè)短對(duì)話的選項(xiàng)后，考生應(yīng)在Directions結(jié)束前，迅速瀏覽第一個(gè)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的所有選項(xiàng)，盡可能找出相關(guān)線索。根據(jù)樣卷錄音，Section A的Directions大約持續(xù)一分20秒左右的時(shí)間，如果加上考場(chǎng)試音的時(shí)間則更長(zhǎng)。這足可以讓考生預(yù)讀前四個(gè)短對(duì)話的選項(xiàng)和第一個(gè)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的所有選項(xiàng)。
2.分析選項(xiàng)，預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容
選項(xiàng)的預(yù)讀是對(duì)考生閱讀能力的考核，能不能在40秒左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)看完第一個(gè)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話后的4題12個(gè)選項(xiàng)將是制勝的關(guān)鍵因素之一。這需要考生在考前經(jīng)過(guò)專門的快速閱讀的訓(xùn)練，并加以合理的應(yīng)試技巧，方能臨場(chǎng)奏效。
在分析選項(xiàng)的部分，希望考生能針對(duì)如下三個(gè)關(guān)鍵部分進(jìn)行快速判斷：
A.人物關(guān)系（Relationship，鄰居？夫妻？同學(xué)？師生？同事等，能夠?yàn)楹竺孀鲱}判斷人物身份起到良好的鋪墊）。
B.動(dòng)作行為 （動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)往往是最重要的考察對(duì)象之一）。
C.態(tài)度詞 （長(zhǎng)對(duì)話結(jié)尾往往涉及態(tài)度判斷和結(jié)論）
3. 邊聽(tīng)邊選，不要走神
盡量在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候確定哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能夠最大程度的吻合，這是做短文聽(tīng)力的宗旨，同樣適用于長(zhǎng)對(duì)話。平時(shí)訓(xùn)練做到邊聽(tīng)邊記、強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言輸出的強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練為主，上了考場(chǎng)強(qiáng)調(diào)邊聽(tīng)邊選。最后聽(tīng)問(wèn)題確定自己的正確答案，因?yàn)槁?tīng)力時(shí)間間隔很短，因此哪怕是猜的答案，一旦作出判斷，就不要過(guò)多糾纏于這一分。集中注意力到下一題當(dāng)中。
單就聽(tīng)力長(zhǎng)對(duì)話而言，長(zhǎng)對(duì)話作為六級(jí)聽(tīng)力改革后的新題型體現(xiàn)了四六級(jí)命題組對(duì)于考試改革的訴求強(qiáng)調(diào)在實(shí)際環(huán)境中的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。涉及到的對(duì)話場(chǎng)景內(nèi)容非常廣泛，從校園生活到生活中的各種場(chǎng)景。學(xué)生可以通過(guò)抓住信號(hào)詞 來(lái)判斷具體場(chǎng)景。經(jīng)常涉及到的場(chǎng)景有：旅游（飛機(jī)、機(jī)場(chǎng)、出行準(zhǔn)備等）、校園、工作面試、訪談等。
我們分析一篇文章。
例題：2008年12月長(zhǎng)對(duì)話1
W: Right, well, in the studio this morning, for our interview spot is Peter Wilson 【人名，重要】. Peter works for Green Peace 【特殊表達(dá)，文章主題詞】. So, Peter, welcome.
M: Thanks a lot. Its good to be here.
W: Great! Now, Peter, perhaps you can tell us something about Green Peace and your job there.【寒暄，為了迷惑考生，此處進(jìn)入正題】
M: Sure. Well, Ill start by telling you roughly what Green Peace is all about. I actually work in London for the Green Peace organization（人物職業(yè)，22題考點(diǎn)1）. Weve been going for a few decades and were a non-violent, non-political organization. Were involved in anti-nuclear activity, conservation and protection of animals and protection and support of our eco-system. Im the action organizer and arrange any protests.（人物職業(yè)重復(fù)，22題考點(diǎn)1）
W: Right! A pretty important role, Peter. What sort of protest would you organize?
M: Well, recently weve been involved in anti-nuclear campaigns. （問(wèn)答關(guān)系，23題考點(diǎn)2）I, personally arranged for the demonstration against radioactive waste dumping in the Atlantic Ocean. Weve got a few small Green Peace boats that we harass（特殊詞匯，首次出現(xiàn)，24題考點(diǎn)2） the dumping ship with.
W: Say? Hold on, Peter. I thought you said your organization was non-violent. What do you mean by harass?（重復(fù)核心詞，也是問(wèn)題所在。問(wèn)答關(guān)系。）
M: Well, we circle round and round the ships and get in the way when they try to dump the drums of nuclear waste in the sea.（針對(duì)問(wèn)題harass的具體回答，24題考點(diǎn)3） We talk to the men and try to change, you know, yell at them to stop. We generally make ourselves as much of a nuisance as possible.
M: Well, people may think differently of your methods, but theres no doubt youre doing a great job.（轉(zhuǎn)折詞but+態(tài)度判斷詞great，25題考點(diǎn)4） Keep it up and good luck （繼續(xù)態(tài)度判斷）. And thanks for talking with us.
W: Thanks for having me.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
22. What is the mans chief responsibility in the Green Peace organization?
A. Organising protests C. Acting as its spokesman.
B. Recruiting members D. Saving endangered animals.
23. What has Green Peace been involved in recently?
A. Anti-animal-abuse demonstrations B. Anti-nuclear campaigns
C. Surveying the Atlantic Ocean floor D. Removing industrial waste.
24. How does Green Peace try to stop people from dumping nuclear waste?
A. By harassing them. C. By taking legal action.
B. By appealing to the public D. By resorting to force.
25. What is the womans attitude towards the Green Peaces campaigns?
A. Doubtful C. Indifferent.
B. Reserved D. Supportive
解析：針對(duì)文章本身，我們秉承一貫的解析傳統(tǒng)，將原文和考點(diǎn)的出處以及正確答案分別作了標(biāo)注，考生可以一一對(duì)應(yīng)，自行找出字里行間的考點(diǎn)。
做題的時(shí)候一定要和短文一樣對(duì)題目的出題位置有明確的把握，位置感很重要。一般而言，對(duì)話時(shí)，開(kāi)頭的客套以及問(wèn)候與結(jié)尾的道別結(jié)束語(yǔ)很少出題，而對(duì)話中段往往才是重點(diǎn)。
從重點(diǎn)劃線部分我們發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話和短文題目做題有著驚人的相似！問(wèn)答式的考點(diǎn)（一問(wèn)一答中Question針對(duì)問(wèn)題發(fā)問(wèn)，回答是正確答案考點(diǎn)），分層次的考察（Top-Down Level），建議請(qǐng)求的運(yùn)用。特別明顯的是對(duì)話的開(kāi)頭部分一直在糾纏Green Peace如何以及Peter怎么樣，所以只考察了一道題目，第二道題目直到對(duì)話的中部才出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)人直到那時(shí)才從Green Peace的基本介紹轉(zhuǎn)到Peter的工作和日常事務(wù)這個(gè)話題上來(lái)。此外，這則對(duì)話還秉承了passage的一個(gè)重要的考察方式，就是在對(duì)話的開(kāi)頭部分一定會(huì)出題目。這一點(diǎn)的考察利用的是考生往往很難在一個(gè)段落剛開(kāi)始的時(shí)候集中注意力，所以這時(shí)候考察的題目難度就顯得很高。
另外，24題的考法是長(zhǎng)對(duì)話中最典型的一種，就是針對(duì)動(dòng)作行為進(jìn)行發(fā)問(wèn)，考點(diǎn)在于考生需要聽(tīng)明白人物發(fā)出的動(dòng)作是什么，原文的動(dòng)詞harass和選項(xiàng)的harass是一摸一樣，屬于最簡(jiǎn)單的考法，而且原文重復(fù)兩次，因此考生對(duì)此即便是不知道harass是什么意思也能選對(duì)。
25題的考法是一貫的長(zhǎng)對(duì)話結(jié)尾題，往往以態(tài)度判斷和結(jié)論作為考察對(duì)象，此題選項(xiàng)均為態(tài)度詞，很容易判斷，另外，注意到選項(xiàng)呈現(xiàn)三負(fù)一正的格局，因此答案是顯然的。
綜上所述，長(zhǎng)對(duì)話并不可怕，它結(jié)合了短對(duì)話對(duì)問(wèn)答句式，態(tài)度判斷和關(guān)鍵場(chǎng)景賜予的考察和短文部分對(duì)文章層次和理解能力的要求。所以做這樣的題目往往需要具備綜合的素質(zhì)，既要注意其中的細(xì)節(jié)，又要注意整體的把握，還要能夠應(yīng)付二篇文章中一共7道題目的題量，對(duì)于綜合能力的要求是顯著提高了。建議考生在練習(xí)的時(shí)候可以先把短對(duì)話和長(zhǎng)段子兩部分分別練好，再尋找一些長(zhǎng)對(duì)話題目進(jìn)行綜合練習(xí)。我們熟悉的雅思考試和托?？荚嚨恼骖}中都有大量的長(zhǎng)對(duì)話題目可供大家參考。
做題建議：
1.提前瀏覽，有備而聽(tīng)
對(duì)于任何一種考試來(lái)說(shuō)，題目本身其實(shí)也是線索，只要運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，勢(shì)必獲益非淺。所以，考試時(shí)在聽(tīng)力考試錄音開(kāi)始之前要盡可能抽時(shí)間瀏覽所有選項(xiàng)，以便預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)話的主題和相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。
當(dāng)然，從錄音材料看來(lái)，通過(guò)instruction我們知道，短對(duì)話和長(zhǎng)對(duì)話之間幾乎沒(méi)有什么時(shí)間間隔，所以不能等到短對(duì)話結(jié)束時(shí)再來(lái)瀏覽長(zhǎng)對(duì)話選項(xiàng)，而應(yīng)在放Section A的Direction時(shí)就開(kāi)始。為了顧全長(zhǎng)短對(duì)話，我們的策略是：考生可以先迅速瀏覽前四個(gè)短對(duì)話的選項(xiàng)，用以備聽(tīng)做題，而從第五個(gè)對(duì)話開(kāi)始，每個(gè)短對(duì)話之間都有15秒左右的時(shí)間間隔，考生可利用這段時(shí)間來(lái)預(yù)讀下一題的選項(xiàng)。當(dāng)讀完前四個(gè)短對(duì)話的選項(xiàng)后，考生應(yīng)在Directions結(jié)束前，迅速瀏覽第一個(gè)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的所有選項(xiàng)，盡可能找出相關(guān)線索。根據(jù)樣卷錄音，Section A的Directions大約持續(xù)一分20秒左右的時(shí)間，如果加上考場(chǎng)試音的時(shí)間則更長(zhǎng)。這足可以讓考生預(yù)讀前四個(gè)短對(duì)話的選項(xiàng)和第一個(gè)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話的所有選項(xiàng)。
2.分析選項(xiàng)，預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容
選項(xiàng)的預(yù)讀是對(duì)考生閱讀能力的考核，能不能在40秒左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)看完第一個(gè)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話后的4題12個(gè)選項(xiàng)將是制勝的關(guān)鍵因素之一。這需要考生在考前經(jīng)過(guò)專門的快速閱讀的訓(xùn)練，并加以合理的應(yīng)試技巧，方能臨場(chǎng)奏效。
在分析選項(xiàng)的部分，希望考生能針對(duì)如下三個(gè)關(guān)鍵部分進(jìn)行快速判斷：
A.人物關(guān)系（Relationship，鄰居？夫妻？同學(xué)？師生？同事等，能夠?yàn)楹竺孀鲱}判斷人物身份起到良好的鋪墊）。
B.動(dòng)作行為 （動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)往往是最重要的考察對(duì)象之一）。
C.態(tài)度詞 （長(zhǎng)對(duì)話結(jié)尾往往涉及態(tài)度判斷和結(jié)論）
3. 邊聽(tīng)邊選，不要走神
盡量在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候確定哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能夠最大程度的吻合，這是做短文聽(tīng)力的宗旨，同樣適用于長(zhǎng)對(duì)話。平時(shí)訓(xùn)練做到邊聽(tīng)邊記、強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言輸出的強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練為主，上了考場(chǎng)強(qiáng)調(diào)邊聽(tīng)邊選。最后聽(tīng)問(wèn)題確定自己的正確答案，因?yàn)槁?tīng)力時(shí)間間隔很短，因此哪怕是猜的答案，一旦作出判斷，就不要過(guò)多糾纏于這一分。集中注意力到下一題當(dāng)中。
