英語四級考試閱讀習題及答案解析
篇章詞匯題型的特點
篇章詞匯 考一篇長度為 220 個單詞左右的文章,在文章當中去除了 10 個單詞,后面由 15 個單詞選項,要求考生選擇正確的單詞填入文章。這種題型的測試重點在于把握文章的結構,主要考查考生對諸如連貫性,一致性,邏輯聯系等語篇,語段整體特征以及單詞在實際語境中的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基礎上弄清文章的宏觀結構和具體細化到每個單詞的微觀理解。
篇章詞匯 VS 完形填空
應該說,篇章詞匯是完形填空的一種形式。完形填空的測試面更寬泛,涉及連詞,介詞等更多的語法知識,而篇章詞匯的考查項都是實詞。篇章詞匯更側重于從篇章層面考查對單詞的理解和應用。另外一個較為明顯的區別就是,篇章詞匯是集合式選項,所有的選項都集中在一起;而完形填空是分組式選項,各道題目的選項互不干擾。
篇章詞匯 VS 詞匯題
篇章詞匯與原來的老題型詞匯題相比,更注重對詞匯的實際運用的考查,從單一的一句話考查上升到篇章的理解。
Passage 2
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid
E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary
I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve
M)challenging N)restore O)excellent
參考答案及解析:
1. 選 L )。 第一段主要提出了行為學家和認知派研究專家對于額外獎勵的不同看法,因此可以推出此處應填與 destroy 意思相反的動詞,可選項由 improve 和 aid ,但能與 performance 構成動賓搭配的只有 improve ,故排除 aid 。
2 . 選 I )。 由空格后的 and gift 可知此處應填名詞。認知派研究專家認為,由于獎勵助長了人們期望從別人那得到 和物質獎勵的心理,而往往會破壞創造力,因此,選項中只有 approval 認同符合題意。
3. 選 F )。 此處應填副詞。可選項有 generally 和 especially ,但從文章后面所舉的例子來理解,此處是為了突出強調教育家支持認知派研究專家的看法,因此只有 especially 尤其,特別符合題意。
4. 選 J )。 此處應填形容詞。由 But 轉折可知此句表明的觀點與認知派研究專家 who study various aspects of mental life 的觀點物質獎勵有害相反,因此可以推出此處應填的形容詞是表示物質獎勵的意思的詞,選項中只有 monetary 符合題意。
5. 選 G )。 此處應填動詞。由 But 轉折可知,此舉表明的觀點與前者即行為學家所持的觀點一致,原文為適當地給予獎勵刺激確實 創造力,選項中只有 aid 有助于符合題意。
6. 選 M )。 此處應填形容詞。從原文來看,如果孩子們知道他們在為獲得獎勵而努力,并能專注于相對 的任務,他們就會表現出很大的創造力,因此只有 challenging 符合題意。
7. 選 C )。 由 it its easy to do 結構可知,此處應填動詞。由此句中 But 轉折與前一句中 show the most creativity 可以推出,此處應填的詞應與 show he most 表達的意思相反,且與 destroy 意思相近,故選項中只有 kill 符合題意。
8. 選 H )。 此處應填形容詞。由此句中 high grades 和 uninspired 可以推出此處應填的詞應與 high 形成對比,故只有 ordinary 符合。
9 . 選 N )。 由空格前的 and 可知,此處應填動詞。可選項有 avoid 和 restore ,但由 tighten 可推出,既然是使平分標準嚴格,那么就會有高分和低分,也會有不及格,故只有 restore 恢復符合題意。 avoid 避免不符合原文意思。
10 . 選 B )。 很明顯此處應填名詞。原文為實行所謂象征性獎勵,在努力提高學生創造力方面有 ,可選項有 promise 和 hope ,而 hope 是一般人主觀的愿望,希望,但此處強調的是 有實現的可能性,有前景,故排除 hope 而選 promise 。
導讀:
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can L)improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on I)approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, F)especially among educators. But the careful use of small J)monetary rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed G)aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively M)challenging task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to C)kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for H)ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students , Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and N)restore failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows B)promise in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
全文翻譯:
心理學家們對于外在的獎勵從熱情的稱贊到冰冷冷的金錢刺激,會怎樣影響一個人的動力與創造力,持有截然不同的看法。研究行為和結果之間關系的行為學家認為:獎勵能夠提高人們的工作和學習表現。研究各種精神生活方面的認知派研究專家卻認為:由于獎勵助長了人們期望得到別人認同的心理和對物質獎勵的依賴心理,往往會破壞創造力。
后一種觀點博得了很多人 , 特別是教育界人士的支持 . 然而據 個性和社會心理學期刊 六月份刊載的一篇論文卻指出 : 謹慎地使用少量的金錢獎勵會激發小學生的創造力 , 這表明適當地給予物質刺激確實有助于激發創造力 .
如果孩子們知道他們在為獲得獎勵而努力,而且能專注于較有挑戰性的任務,他們就會表現出很大的創造力,位于 Newark 的特拉華大學的羅伯特 . 艾森貝格說,但是如果孩子表現不佳也給予獎勵,或是造成孩子對獎勵過分期待,就很容易扼殺創造力。
艾森貝格認為:一名教師如果總是把注意力放在獎勵上,或是對于學生的一般表現也給高分,最終會扼殺學生們的靈感。作為后一種觀點的一個例證,艾森貝格指出,主要的幾所大學都在為盡力嚴格評分標準和恢復不及格分而不斷努力。
這位來自特拉華大學的心理學家認為:在較低的年級里,實行所謂的獎勵體系,即根據學生處理有挑戰性問題的表新給其判定分數,以決定學生能否得到有價值的獎勵。這一有價值的獎勵的標準機制在激發學生努力提高其創造力方面還是非常可取的。
篇章詞匯題型的特點
篇章詞匯 考一篇長度為 220 個單詞左右的文章,在文章當中去除了 10 個單詞,后面由 15 個單詞選項,要求考生選擇正確的單詞填入文章。這種題型的測試重點在于把握文章的結構,主要考查考生對諸如連貫性,一致性,邏輯聯系等語篇,語段整體特征以及單詞在實際語境中的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基礎上弄清文章的宏觀結構和具體細化到每個單詞的微觀理解。
篇章詞匯 VS 完形填空
應該說,篇章詞匯是完形填空的一種形式。完形填空的測試面更寬泛,涉及連詞,介詞等更多的語法知識,而篇章詞匯的考查項都是實詞。篇章詞匯更側重于從篇章層面考查對單詞的理解和應用。另外一個較為明顯的區別就是,篇章詞匯是集合式選項,所有的選項都集中在一起;而完形填空是分組式選項,各道題目的選項互不干擾。
篇章詞匯 VS 詞匯題
篇章詞匯與原來的老題型詞匯題相比,更注重對詞匯的實際運用的考查,從單一的一句話考查上升到篇章的理解。
Passage 2
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid
E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary
I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve
M)challenging N)restore O)excellent
參考答案及解析:
1. 選 L )。 第一段主要提出了行為學家和認知派研究專家對于額外獎勵的不同看法,因此可以推出此處應填與 destroy 意思相反的動詞,可選項由 improve 和 aid ,但能與 performance 構成動賓搭配的只有 improve ,故排除 aid 。
2 . 選 I )。 由空格后的 and gift 可知此處應填名詞。認知派研究專家認為,由于獎勵助長了人們期望從別人那得到 和物質獎勵的心理,而往往會破壞創造力,因此,選項中只有 approval 認同符合題意。
3. 選 F )。 此處應填副詞。可選項有 generally 和 especially ,但從文章后面所舉的例子來理解,此處是為了突出強調教育家支持認知派研究專家的看法,因此只有 especially 尤其,特別符合題意。
4. 選 J )。 此處應填形容詞。由 But 轉折可知此句表明的觀點與認知派研究專家 who study various aspects of mental life 的觀點物質獎勵有害相反,因此可以推出此處應填的形容詞是表示物質獎勵的意思的詞,選項中只有 monetary 符合題意。
5. 選 G )。 此處應填動詞。由 But 轉折可知,此舉表明的觀點與前者即行為學家所持的觀點一致,原文為適當地給予獎勵刺激確實 創造力,選項中只有 aid 有助于符合題意。
6. 選 M )。 此處應填形容詞。從原文來看,如果孩子們知道他們在為獲得獎勵而努力,并能專注于相對 的任務,他們就會表現出很大的創造力,因此只有 challenging 符合題意。
7. 選 C )。 由 it its easy to do 結構可知,此處應填動詞。由此句中 But 轉折與前一句中 show the most creativity 可以推出,此處應填的詞應與 show he most 表達的意思相反,且與 destroy 意思相近,故選項中只有 kill 符合題意。
8. 選 H )。 此處應填形容詞。由此句中 high grades 和 uninspired 可以推出此處應填的詞應與 high 形成對比,故只有 ordinary 符合。
9 . 選 N )。 由空格前的 and 可知,此處應填動詞。可選項有 avoid 和 restore ,但由 tighten 可推出,既然是使平分標準嚴格,那么就會有高分和低分,也會有不及格,故只有 restore 恢復符合題意。 avoid 避免不符合原文意思。
10 . 選 B )。 很明顯此處應填名詞。原文為實行所謂象征性獎勵,在努力提高學生創造力方面有 ,可選項有 promise 和 hope ,而 hope 是一般人主觀的愿望,希望,但此處強調的是 有實現的可能性,有前景,故排除 hope 而選 promise 。
導讀:
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can L)improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on I)approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, F)especially among educators. But the careful use of small J)monetary rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed G)aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively M)challenging task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to C)kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for H)ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students , Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and N)restore failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows B)promise in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
全文翻譯:
心理學家們對于外在的獎勵從熱情的稱贊到冰冷冷的金錢刺激,會怎樣影響一個人的動力與創造力,持有截然不同的看法。研究行為和結果之間關系的行為學家認為:獎勵能夠提高人們的工作和學習表現。研究各種精神生活方面的認知派研究專家卻認為:由于獎勵助長了人們期望得到別人認同的心理和對物質獎勵的依賴心理,往往會破壞創造力。
后一種觀點博得了很多人 , 特別是教育界人士的支持 . 然而據 個性和社會心理學期刊 六月份刊載的一篇論文卻指出 : 謹慎地使用少量的金錢獎勵會激發小學生的創造力 , 這表明適當地給予物質刺激確實有助于激發創造力 .
如果孩子們知道他們在為獲得獎勵而努力,而且能專注于較有挑戰性的任務,他們就會表現出很大的創造力,位于 Newark 的特拉華大學的羅伯特 . 艾森貝格說,但是如果孩子表現不佳也給予獎勵,或是造成孩子對獎勵過分期待,就很容易扼殺創造力。
艾森貝格認為:一名教師如果總是把注意力放在獎勵上,或是對于學生的一般表現也給高分,最終會扼殺學生們的靈感。作為后一種觀點的一個例證,艾森貝格指出,主要的幾所大學都在為盡力嚴格評分標準和恢復不及格分而不斷努力。
這位來自特拉華大學的心理學家認為:在較低的年級里,實行所謂的獎勵體系,即根據學生處理有挑戰性問題的表新給其判定分數,以決定學生能否得到有價值的獎勵。這一有價值的獎勵的標準機制在激發學生努力提高其創造力方面還是非常可取的。