王長(zhǎng)喜四級(jí)大課堂（第九講）
很高興又與大家相聚網(wǎng)上課堂，今天我們要講的是四六級(jí)英語(yǔ)完形填空的測(cè)試特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)策略。
完形填空是考查語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和語(yǔ)篇水平的綜合測(cè)試方式。要求考生具有一定的閱讀理解能力，扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，同時(shí)對(duì)各類(lèi)詞法、句法、上下文邏輯關(guān)系、語(yǔ)義搭配以及寫(xiě)作技巧等還需具有較強(qiáng)的運(yùn)用能力。選擇完形填空與單句選擇填空在形式上相似，但考查的內(nèi)容卻包括詞匯、語(yǔ)法、閱讀和寫(xiě)作等各方面的應(yīng)用能力。
下面我們首先來(lái)分析一下完形填空與詞匯語(yǔ)法、閱讀以及寫(xiě)作之間的關(guān)系。
一、完形填空與其它測(cè)試手段之間的關(guān)系
1、完形填空與詞匯、語(yǔ)法填空 大學(xué)完形填空所采用的形式與詞匯語(yǔ)法選擇填空的形式是一致的。
在測(cè)試要點(diǎn)上，完形填空與詞匯語(yǔ)法選擇填空也有很大相似之處，如單詞的基本用法、同義詞近義詞辨別、常用句型、各種從句、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法等等。如：
1)When the new students are finally __80__，there may be one more step they have to take before registering for classes and getting to work.
80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted 該題考查常用單詞辨析。
2)__84__ these programs, the young people to get know the __85__ for registration and student advising, university rules, the __86___ of the library and all the other __87__ services of the college or university.
84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On
85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions
86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility
87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great
84題考查的是常用介詞的用法;
85----87題考查的是常用單詞的區(qū)別。
3) The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything __80__ the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
80. A. for B. to C. within D. in
79題考查的是定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的運(yùn)用;80題考查的是常用介詞短語(yǔ)的搭配。
4) Take it for granted that he likes everything and he probably __70__.
70. A. should B. may C. will D. must
70題所考查的是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。
5) If all places __87__ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
87題所考查的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。
6)The secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillside to towns __87__ in deep valley.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
87題所考查的既有l(wèi)ie與lay的區(qū)別，又有現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的用法。
7)People see the sun moving ___80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary __81__ that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
81. A. since B. so C. while D. for
80題考查的是常用介詞的搭配，81題考查的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 完形填空中對(duì)詞匯，語(yǔ)法的考查從以上各例可窺見(jiàn)一斑，其干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)與單項(xiàng)填空基本類(lèi)似，但完形填空對(duì)上下文的依賴(lài)性更強(qiáng)。這就要求同學(xué)們不只是了解詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，同時(shí)還必須具備一定的閱讀理解能力，對(duì)上下文的正確理解是完形填空的關(guān)鍵
2、完形填空與閱讀理解
完形填空是根據(jù)對(duì)文章的理解，依據(jù)一定的語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)將句子中所缺部分補(bǔ)全，使句子正確，使文章通順連貫。雖然完形填空并沒(méi)有對(duì)文章的主題擬定、細(xì)節(jié)判斷和事情因果推理的考查題，但同樣要求考生能把握文章的主題，同樣必須理解文章的細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行必要的推理、判斷。只有在正確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，才能根據(jù)意思的需要，補(bǔ)足缺少的部分。 下面是93年6月的一篇四級(jí)完形填空真題。因第一句通常是介紹文章的主題，為了便于考生理解全文，文章第一句沒(méi)有挖空。通過(guò)首句的閱讀，考生可以推測(cè)，該篇短文介紹的是與學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)責(zé)任有關(guān)的事情，作者欲闡述的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是：學(xué)生應(yīng)該自己負(fù)責(zé)自己的學(xué)習(xí)。
Many teachers believe that the respon-sibilities for learning lie with the students .__71__ a long reading assignment is given， instructors expect students to be familiar with the __72___ in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The __73___student is considered to be __74___ who is motivated to learn for the sake of __75___, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned __76__ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77___ for learning the material assigned. When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with __79__ guidance. It is the __80__ responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain __81__ a university library works; they expect students, __82__grade students, to be able tot exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but ___84___ that their students not be ___85__ dependent on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties __86___ teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87___ the time that a professor can spend with a student out of class is __88___. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
71. A. If B. Because C. Although D. Before
72. A. suggestion B. context C. abstract D. information
73. A. poor B. ideal C. average D. disappointed
74. A. such B. one C. any D. some
75. A. fun B. work C. learning D. prize
76. A. by B. in C. for D. with
77. A. criticized B. responsible C. innocent D. dismissed
78. A. collected B. distributed C. assigned D. finished
79. A. maximum B. minimum C. possible D. practical
80. A. students B. assistants C. professors D. librarians
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
82. A. particularly B. essentially C. obviously D. rarely
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
85. A. too B. such C. much D. more
86. A. but B. except C. with D. besides
87. A. However B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Nevertheless
88. A. plentiful B. limited C. irregular D. flexible
89. A. greet B. annoy C. approach D. attach
90. A. or B. to C. and D. but
文章的所有細(xì)節(jié)都是為同一主題服務(wù)的。抓住這一主題，對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的理解就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)偏差。
老師所期望的是具有自制力的學(xué)生，自然希望自己的學(xué)生不要太依賴(lài)自己，84答案為D，85 答案為A;當(dāng)分派給學(xué)生任務(wù)時(shí)，自然希望學(xué)生能夠獨(dú)立完成，盡可能少地需要自己的指導(dǎo)，說(shuō)明79題答案為B;在完成研究任務(wù)時(shí)，查閱各種材料也應(yīng)該是學(xué)生的責(zé)任，80題答案為A;大學(xué)里，老師的任務(wù)很多，除了教學(xué)外還有行政、科研等任務(wù)，所以老師能給學(xué)生的時(shí)間是有限的，從這一因果關(guān)系可以判斷88答案為B，因此，如果學(xué)生真地有問(wèn)題就應(yīng)該主動(dòng)找老師或者給老師約好，89題答案為C，90題答案為A，所有這些都是圍繞一個(gè)主題展開(kāi)，即：學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)責(zé)任應(yīng)由學(xué)生自己負(fù)責(zé)。 正確理解全文是做好完形填空的前提，但僅靠理解能力是不夠的。完形填空最終考查的是正確表達(dá)思想的能力。也就是說(shuō)，做好完形填空還需要一定的寫(xiě)作能力。
3、完形填空與寫(xiě)作
完形填空是使考生通過(guò)閱讀有空缺的短文，利用自己的語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)篇等方面的知識(shí)使短文的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思恢復(fù)完整。閱讀使考生獲取對(duì)短文信息的了解，寫(xiě)作則幫助考生恢復(fù)短文結(jié)構(gòu)和意思的完整性。
不同的體裁，不同的主題，其語(yǔ)段寫(xiě)作模式不同，有舉例、有列舉、有比較對(duì)照、有因果分析。根據(jù)語(yǔ)段的結(jié)構(gòu)模式把握短文寫(xiě)作的思路，預(yù)測(cè)文章的發(fā)展，從而為解題找出依據(jù)。
寫(xiě)作的基本原則是：文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整、內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、語(yǔ)意連貫、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔，其中詞語(yǔ)的同現(xiàn)、復(fù)現(xiàn)手段以及銜接語(yǔ)的使用，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)得以完整、語(yǔ)意得以連貫、邏輯得以明了的主要手段，而完形填空中對(duì)此也有相當(dāng)部分的考查。如：
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A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply---all these were important __71___ in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72__ they were not enough. Something __73__ was needed to start the industrial process. That something special was men --- __74__ individuals who could invent machines, find new __75__ of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who __76___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77___ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79___ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research __80___. He is not necessarily working __81__ that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82__ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86___ other objectives. Most of the people who __87___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had __88__ or no training in science might not have made their inventions __89__ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years __90__.
71. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations
72. A. But B. And C. Besides D. Even
73. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar
74. A. generating B. effective C. motivation D. creative
75. A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. a. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
88. A. little B. much C. some D. any
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
90. A. ago B. past C. ahead D. before
該篇短文講的是在英國(guó)工業(yè)革命中起重要作用的人，是人發(fā)明了機(jī)器。有關(guān)機(jī)器發(fā)明的概念貫穿整篇文章，第一段中的 ___74__ men who could invent machines 第二段中的 the men who ___76___the machines of Industrial Revolution 和 many of them were ___78__ inventors than scientists 最后一段的Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors。這些概念的重復(fù)在文章中起著紐帶的作用，把整篇文章連接起來(lái)。考試若能讀出這些，答案則自明。能發(fā)明機(jī)器自然是creative, 發(fā)明也就意味著 create 、 develop 。所以這些人與其說(shuō)是科學(xué)家不如說(shuō)是發(fā)明家，78題答案應(yīng)是C。 從文章的敘述邏輯來(lái)看，文章開(kāi)端說(shuō)明財(cái)富、自然資源、充足的勞動(dòng)力等在促使英國(guó)成為工業(yè)革命中心的重要性，而接著介紹人的因素，并且文章的主要篇幅都是介紹的人的因素，說(shuō)明72題應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)折詞but，由but引出文章的主題。第二段中Many of them were more inventors than scientists預(yù)示著下文將說(shuō)明發(fā)明家 與科學(xué)家的不同。按照這個(gè)脈絡(luò)去閱讀，考生可以很輕松地找到下一個(gè)用于連接上下文的重復(fù)手段。第二段結(jié)尾so that his findings can be used 中used 與第三段第一句中的 applied science 以及to make something that has a concrete ___83___，是前后兩段有機(jī)地銜接在一起，考生可以很輕松地判斷83為use。另外第三段中冒號(hào)的使用從某種程度上就已經(jīng)交代了答案。通過(guò)分析后面的具體例子，考生可以判斷85答案為D。 銜接的手法很多，它們是文章必不可少的紐帶，同時(shí)也是完形填空常常考查的題點(diǎn)。掌握應(yīng)有的寫(xiě)作技能將有助于完形填空能力的提高。
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二、 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)完形填空測(cè)試要點(diǎn)
從干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)看，近幾年完形填空大體有以下特點(diǎn):
1. 搭配題
1) 名詞與介詞的搭配，如95年的answers to ;
2) 形容詞和介詞的搭配 be confident in ;
3) 動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted ,98年的judge from , get to work 和 adapt to ;
4) 動(dòng)詞和名詞的搭配，如98年的 take step ;
5) 副詞與分詞的搭配,如98年的well prepared 等等。
這些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平時(shí)多加注意，在考試中便可輕松應(yīng)對(duì)。
2.短語(yǔ)
另外一類(lèi)比較簡(jiǎn)單的選項(xiàng)為短語(yǔ)，這些也大都是約定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart。
3.上下文線(xiàn)索
名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞的選擇題中，大多情況下是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系，語(yǔ)義差別也比較大，選擇時(shí)需根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行語(yǔ)意方面的判斷，多數(shù)情況下，上下文中有同現(xiàn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象，考生應(yīng)注意利用這些提示。
三、 完形填空解題技巧
注意詞匯知識(shí)的運(yùn)用
完形填空中對(duì)詞的考查以實(shí)詞為主，如形容詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞等。其中有相當(dāng)一部分詞匯題中各個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間并無(wú)大的聯(lián)系。這類(lèi)題要求考生應(yīng)從上下文的語(yǔ)義入手，根據(jù)各選項(xiàng)單詞的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行選擇。
1. 注意動(dòng)詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能
對(duì)動(dòng)詞來(lái)說(shuō)，一般從兩點(diǎn)設(shè)干擾項(xiàng)，一是動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)功能，如能不能接賓語(yǔ)，接什么樣的賓語(yǔ)，能不能接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ);二是上下文的語(yǔ)義要求。有相當(dāng)部分選擇題考生只從結(jié)構(gòu)上就可做出正確的判斷。 如：
① Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward.
76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn
根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的句法功能可以判斷答案為B。
② Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的句法功能可以排除A，B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。從常識(shí)來(lái)看，大學(xué)招生時(shí)的面試是一項(xiàng)要求，而非一項(xiàng)命令，所以答案為D。
2. 注意分析動(dòng)詞所包含的肯定/否定含義與上下文的關(guān)系
在做動(dòng)詞選擇題時(shí)，除觀(guān)察動(dòng)詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能之外，還應(yīng)注意其語(yǔ)義特點(diǎn)，比如，有的單詞含有肯定含義，有的卻有否定的含義。考生可借助這一特點(diǎn)，分析具體的上下文。如：
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Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys.
