2024屆高考英語一輪復習 語法專題 動詞的時態和語態 外研版
語法專題二 動詞的時態和語態
動詞的時態分為三時四體。三時指現在、過去和將來;四體指一般、進行、完成和完成進行。??紩r態為一般過去時、一般現在時、一般將來時、過去進行時、現在進行時、將來進行時、過去完成時、現在完成時和將來完成時等。動詞的語態分為兩種:主動語態和被動語態。
考點一 一般現在時
1.表示一個習慣性、經常性、現在反復出現的動作或狀態。
He always comes first.
2.表示永恒的狀態或真理。
The moon moves around the sun once every month.
3.在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中,如果主句中的動詞用一般將來時,從句中的動詞通常用一般現在時,而不用將來時態。
We'll stay at home if it rains.
4.動詞go,come,start,begin,leave,arrive,return,be等的一般現在時,可用來代替將來時,表示事先已計劃或安排好的將要發生的動作或狀態。
The live football match starts at 9 o'clock this evening.
5.時間表、時刻表、日程表、節目單、課程表等按規定將要發生的動作,用一般現在時代替一般將來時。
The train leaves at 8 o'clock.
考點二 一般將來時
1.be going to表示說話者明確的打算或確信會發生,多用于口語。
1)表示現在打算或計劃將來要做的事。
I'm going to buy a new bike.
2)表示根據某種跡象認為在最近或將來要發生的事。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
2.be to表示安排好要發生或命令做什么。
1)表示預先安排好的計劃或約定。
I am to meet Tom this evening.
2)表示說話人的意志、意圖、職責、義務、命令。
We are to take care of the children.
3)表示注定要發生的事情。
Her plan is to be a failure.
3.be about to 表示一個眼下就要發生的動作,不與具體的時間狀語連用,可與when引導的時間狀語從句連用。
They were about to leave when their parents came.
4.will 多表示說話時才做出的決定。be going to 表示事先經過考慮或做好安排的將來。
—You have left the light on.
—Oh,so I have.I will go and turn it off.
考點三 現在進行時
1.go,come,leave,arrive,return,stop,start,begin等動詞的現在進行時表示按計劃、安排即將發生的動作。
I am meeting my teacher tonight.
2.與always,constantly,forever,continually,all the time等詞連用,表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態,往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩,表示不滿、抱怨或者贊賞等感情色彩。
Tom is always coming late.
3.下面四類動詞不宜用現在進行時。
1)表示心理狀態、情感的動詞:like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。
2)表存在的狀態的動詞:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belong to,depend on等。
3)表示短暫性、一次性動作的動詞:allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等。
4)感官動詞:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。
考點四 過去完成時
1.表示在過去某一時間或某一動作之前已發生的動作,也可以表示從過去某一時間開始的動作或狀態一直延續到過去的另一時間,即“過去的過去”。
When Jack arrived,Mary had been out for almost an hour.
2.表示未曾實現的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述動詞的過去式接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped/planned...+to have done。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.
考點五 現在完成進行時
現在完成進行時是由“have/has been+現在分詞”構成,用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在(還要繼續下去)的動作,它具備“未完性、暫時性、感情色彩”等特點。
He has been teaching in our school for 5 years.(強調動作現在還在進行)
It has been raining for 2 days.(表達說話者“抱怨”的感情色彩)
考點六 幾組時態的區別
1.一般過去時與現在完成時。
時間上有差異:凡有過去時間的均用過去時態,不能用完成時態,如含有ago,last year,just now,the other day等。
結果上有差異:現在完成時強調的是對“現在”的影響和結果,動作到現在剛完成或還在繼續;一般過去時強調的是動作發生在“過去”,和現在毫無關系。
I came to Beijing last year,and have been here since then.
2.一般過去時與過去完成時。
這兩個時態都和現在沒有關系,都表示過去的動作。但一般過去時只涉及一個純過去的動作;而過去完成時指的是相對于過去的某一特定時間,更早發生的動作,發生在“過去的過去”,即過去完成時至少涉及兩個過去的動作。
When I got to the party,many of them had left for home.
3.一般過去時與過去進行時。
盡管二者所表示的動作都發生在過去,但一般過去時著重強調過去的動作,表示已經結束。而過去進行時僅表示過去某一點時間上,一個動作正在進行,有什么樣的結果不得而知。
He wrote three letters last night.(表示他寫了三封信,暗指都已寫完。)
He was writing a letter at 9:00 last night.(表示當時他在寫信,后來是否寫完就未知了。)
4.現在完成時與現在完成進行時。
1)現在完成時強調的是動作已完成,著重結果;現在完成進行時是持續了一段時間的動作,這個動作仍在繼續,強調動作的持續性。
I have painted my new house.(強調已完成)
I have been painting my new house.(強調動作還在繼續)
2)現在完成進行時可以表示動作的反復,現在完成時一般不表示反復性。
Have you been meeting our teacher these days?(強調動作的反復)
Have you met our teacher recently?(強調結果)
考點七 固定結構中的時態
1.hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than...句型中,主句中用過去完成時,從句中用一般過去時。
No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.
2.since,in the last/past+一段時間,so far,recently常與現在完成時搭配。
Great changes have taken place in the last few years.
3.This/That/It is/was the first/second...time+that從句,若主句中為is,則從句時態用現在完成時,若為was,則從句時態用過去完成時。
It was the second time that I had visited Shanghai.
4.“by+時間狀語”要與完成時搭配使用。
You will have learned about 3,000 words by the next month.
考點八 主動語態表示被動意義
1.表示狀態特征的系動詞,如look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear等構成的系表結構。
The soup smells good but tastes terrible.
2.表示主語某種屬性、特征的動詞,如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,shut,dry等。
This kind of material washes easily.
3.表示開始、結束、運動的動詞,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,run等。
The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.
考點九 動詞的被動語態
被動語態說明主語和謂語之間的關系。英語的語態分為主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者;被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者,也就是動作的對象,所以只有及物動詞和及物動詞短語才有被動語態。被動語態由“助動詞be+過去分詞”構成。
In some parts of the world,tea is served with milk and sugar.
1.“be+過去分詞+不定式”構成的被動結構。
He is reported to have broken a world record.
2.“It+be+過去分詞+從句”式的被動結構。
It's said that they have discovered a new star. 3.“get+done”構成的被動結構。
get married 結婚;get hurt受傷;get lost迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped被困
1.(2024·課標全國高考)“Life is like walking in the snow,”Granny used to say,“because every step ______.”
A.has shown B.is showing
C.shows
D.showed
2.(2024·課標全國高考)I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers ______ before my eyes.
A.swim
B.swum
C.swam
D.had swum
3.(2024·全國高考Ⅱ)—Did you ask Sophia for help?
—I ______ need to—I managed perfectly well on my own.
A.wouldn't
B.don't
C.didn't
D.won't
4.(2024·全國高考Ⅱ)The manager ______ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
A.has told
B.is telling
C.has been telling
D.will have told
5.(2024·北京高考)By the time you have finished this book,your meal ______ cold.
A.gets
B.has got
C.will get
D.is getting
6.(2024·北京高考)George said that he would come to school to see me the next day,but he ______.
A.wouldn't
B.didn't
C.hasn't
D.hadn't
7.(2024·北京高考)— Have you heard about that fire in the market?
— Yes,fortunately no one ______.
A.hurt
B.was hurt
C.has hurt
D.had been hurt
8.(2024·北京高考)Our friendship ______ quickly over the weeks that followed.
A.had developed
B.was developing
C.would develop
D.developed
9.(2024·天津高考)The letters for the boss ______ on his desk but he didn't read them until three days later.
A.were put
B.was put
C.put
D.has put10.(2024·天津高考)The three of us ______ around Europe for about a month last summer.
A.travelled
B.have travelled
C.had travelled
D.travel
11.(2024·上海高考)Is honesty the best policy?We ______ that it is when we are little.
A.will teach
B.teach
C.are taught
D.will be taught
12.(2024·上海高考)—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know.By next month,he ______ enough for a used one.
A.will have saved
B.will be saving
C.has saved
D.saves
13.(2024·重慶高考)— Kevin,you look worried.Anything wrong?
— Well,I ______ a test and I'm waiting for the result.
A.will take
B.took
C.had taken
D.take
14.(2024·浙江高考)—Alvin,are you coming with us?
—I'd love to,but something unexpected ______.
A.has come up
B.was coming up
C.had come up
D.would come up
15.(2024·安徽高考)In order to find the missing child,villagers ______ all they can over the past five hours.
A.did
B.do
C.had done
D.have been doing
16.(2024·安徽高考)Walmart,which is one of the largest American supermarket chains,______ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
A.keeps
B.keep
C.have kept
D.had kept
17.(2024·安徽高考)After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading,only to be told that it ______.
A.was decorated
B.had decorated
C.had been decorating
D.was being decorated
18.(2024·福建高考)—When did the computer crash?
—This morning,while I ______ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
A.have sorted
B.was sorting
C.am sorting
D.had sorted
19.(2024·湖南高考)Don't worry.The hard work that you do now ______ later in life.
A.will be repaid
B.was being repaid
C.has been repaid
D.was repaid
20.(2024·湖南高考)Close the door of fear behind you,and you ______ the door of faith open before you.
A.saw
B.have seen
C.will see
D.are seeing
21.(2024·湖南高考)“The moment ______ soon,”he thought to himself,waiting nervously.
A.came
B.has comeC.was coming
D.is coming
22.(2024·江蘇高考)The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he ______ some European business partners.
A.would meet
B.is meetingC.meets
D.had met
23.(2024·湖南高考)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?
—Sorry,I ______ the piano for years.
A.don't play
B.wasn't playing
C.haven't played
D.hadn't played
24.(2024·江蘇高考)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he ______.
A.has started
B.starts
C.started
D.will start
25.(2024·江西高考)—Look!Somebody ______ the sofa.
—Well,it wasn't me.I didn't do it.
A.is cleaning
B.was cleaning
C.has cleaned
D.had cleaned
26.(2024·遼寧高考)I feel so excited!At this time tomorrow morning I ______ to Shanghai.
A.will be flying
B.will fly
C.have been flying
D.have flown
27.(2024·遼寧高考)Mum,I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I ______ on Friday.