高中英語語法精講第二章被動語態(tài)

　　語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)(active voice) 和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)則表示主語是謂語動作的承受者。

　　一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

　　被動語態(tài)是由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，如果有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者，動作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示。助動詞be隨主語的人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。

　　A. 十種常見時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)

　　1 一般現(xiàn)在時

　　主動語態(tài)：do

　　被動語態(tài)：amis/are done

　　We clean the classroom every day. 我們每天打掃教室。

　　The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我們打掃。

　　Such songs are usually sung by girls. 這些歌通常是女孩子們唱的。

　　Russian is not taught in our school. 我們學(xué)校不教俄語。

　　Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有許多貨物運(yùn)往國外嗎

　　2. 一般過去時

　　主動語態(tài)： did

　　被動語態(tài)：waswere done

　　We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我們打掃了教室。

　　The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我們打掃了。

　　The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我兒子打破的。

　　Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上種了許多樹嗎？

　　How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少錢？

　　3. 一般將來時

　　主動語態(tài)：willshall do

　　被動語態(tài)：willshall be done

　　We will clean the classroom soon. 我們很快要打掃教室。

　　The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打掃了。

　　The work will be done immediately. 這工作將馬上做。

　　Will the school sports meeting be held next week？ 校運(yùn)動會將在下星期舉行嗎？

　　When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么時候給我們作有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的講座？

　　4. 一般過去將來時

　　主動語態(tài)：would do

　　被動語態(tài)：would be done

　　We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我們告訴他我們馬上就打掃教室。

　　We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我們告訴他教室很快就會被打掃的。

　　He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他說一個新的貿(mào)易中心將在市中心建起來。

　　She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她問他們的計劃會不會得到仔細(xì)的考慮。

　　I wasn't told that I should be invited to the party. 沒人告訴我要被邀請出席晚會。

　　5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時

　　主動語態(tài)：amis/are doing

　　被動語態(tài)：amis/are being done

　　We are cleaning the classroom now. 我們現(xiàn)在正在打掃教室。

　　The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室現(xiàn)在正在被打掃。

　　A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 鎮(zhèn)中心正在興建一家醫(yī)院。

　　Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 這些嬰兒正由這個護(hù)士照看嗎？

　　How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎樣試行這種新教學(xué)方法的？

　　6. 過去進(jìn)行時

　　主動語態(tài)：waswere doing

　　被動語態(tài)：waswere being done

　　We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天這個時候我們在打掃教室。

　　The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天這個時候教室正在被打掃

　　The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那時正在討論教學(xué)計劃。

　　Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday 昨天這個時候電視機(jī)正在被修理嗎？

　　The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我們到他家時，他家房子正在粉刷。

　　7. 現(xiàn)在完成時

　　主動語態(tài)：hashave done

　　被動語態(tài)：hashave been done

　　The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起來很整潔。我們已經(jīng)打掃了。

　　The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起來很整潔。它已經(jīng)被打掃了

　　Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上個月以來，電視中播放了許多外國影片。

　　The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音機(jī)還沒開。

　　Has a new training centre been set up in our town

　　我們鎮(zhèn)上新的培訓(xùn)中心建好了嗎？

　　8. 過去完成時

　　主動語態(tài)：had done

　　被動語態(tài)：had been done

　　The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起來很整潔。我們已經(jīng)打掃過了。

　　The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起來很整潔。它已經(jīng)被打掃過了。

　　His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上個月末，他剛寫的小說已被翻譯成了英語。

　　She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss.

　　她告訴我，她的老板已把她解雇了。

　　Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的時候，她的作業(yè)還沒有完成。

　　9. 將來完成時

　　主動語態(tài)：willshall have done

　　被動語態(tài)：willshall have been done

　　We will have cleaned the classroom by five o'clock. 我們將在五點(diǎn)之前打掃完教室。

　　The classroom will have been cleaned by five o'clock. 教室將在五點(diǎn)以前打掃完。

　　The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 這些新書在下一批書到來前將登記完畢。

　　How many expressways will have been completed by the end of next year

　　到明年年底將建成多少條高速公路？

　　Before you return my work will have been done. 你回來前我的工作將會做完。

　　10. 過去將來完成時

　　主動語態(tài)：would have done

　　被動語態(tài)：would have been done

　　I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500. 我說我們將在五點(diǎn)之前打掃完教室。

　　I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500. 我說教室將在五點(diǎn)以前打掃完。

　　The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of next month. 校長說文章將在下月底翻譯好。

　　The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed. 大壩完工的日子不遠(yuǎn)了。

　　He told me that preparations would have been finished by 600. 他告訴我準(zhǔn)備工作將在六點(diǎn)前完成。

　　B. “get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

　　被動語態(tài)除常用“be +過去分詞”構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果。

　　The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子騎車上學(xué)時受傷了。

　　Did your letter get answered 你收到回信了嗎？

　　注意：

　　用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時，其后的動作執(zhí)行者（即by短語）一般不表示出來。

　　Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行車得到了修理。

　　As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我經(jīng)過的時候，我的裙子被釘子掛住了。

　　C．“seemappear +過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

　　有時“seemappear +過去分詞”也可以構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。

　　She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的話搞得很惱火。

　　The house appears deserted. 這房子好像沒人居住。

　　提示：

　　并不是所有的“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的be都能被get或seem, appear等詞代替。

　　【誤】She got born in a small village.

　　【正】She was born in a small village. 她出生在一個小村莊。

　　【誤】The old man got offered a large sum of money.

　　【正】The old man was offered a large sum of money. 這位老人獲得了一大筆錢。

　　【誤】Colin got caught cheating in the exam.

　　【正】Colin were caught cheating in the exam. 科林考試作弊被抓住了。

　　D．被動語態(tài)中常用的介詞

　　1．by表示動作的執(zhí)行者或施加者

　　By whom is the book written 這本書是誰寫的？

　　The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子們被雨趕進(jìn)了室內(nèi)。

　　2．with表示用某種工具

　　The wolf was killed with a gun. 狼被槍打死了。

　　The field was spread with wild flowers. 田野里野花遍地。

　　3．from表示源于某種物質(zhì)（看不出原材料）

　　Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是糧食制成的。

　　4．of表示用某種材料制成（看得出原材料）

　　The table is made of wood. 這張桌子是用木頭做的。

　　5．其他介詞

　　You are wanted on the phone. 有電話找你。

　　He is known to everybody. 大家都認(rèn)識他。

　　She was caught in the rain. 她遭雨淋了。

　　注意：

　　動作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示，但被動語態(tài)句子中的by短語并不總是表示動作執(zhí)行者。 A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通過他的服裝辨認(rèn)出來。（by表示方式） He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner. 她邀請他吃晚飯，他受寵若驚了。（by表示原因）

　　The snow was piled high by the gate. 門口雪堆積得很高。（by表示地點(diǎn)）二、被動語態(tài)的用法

　　英語中，大多數(shù)情況下用主動語態(tài)比較簡練、有力。但是，被動語態(tài)也有其特殊的用途，它也是表達(dá)思想、描述事物的需要。人們通常在下列情況下使用被動語態(tài)：

　　A. 不知道或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者

　　How is this word pronounced 這個單詞怎么發(fā)音？

　　Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科學(xué)家們說，力移動時就做了功。

　　A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年將有更多的魔法英語書出版。

　　After war, everything had been destroyed. 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，一切都被毀壞了。

　　B. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者

　　If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你違反校規(guī)，你將受到懲罰。（強(qiáng)調(diào)you）

　　A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我們家鄉(xiāng)將開辦一所新的希望學(xué)校。（強(qiáng)調(diào)a new Hope School）

　　She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜歡她。

　　Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被選為班長。

　　C. 動作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無生命的事物

　　The bridge was washed away by the flood. 橋被洪水沖走了。

　　We were shocked by the news of his death. 我們聽到他的死訊極為震驚。

　　Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 許多事故都是開車不小心造成的。

　　D. 修辭的需要，為了使句子更加簡練、勻稱

　　He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出現(xiàn)在舞臺上，受到了觀眾的熱烈鼓掌。

　　The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 這位老教授作了一個有關(guān)美國歷史的講座，受到大家的熱烈歡迎。

　　I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩帶我參觀了校園，他去年剛進(jìn)這所學(xué)校。

　　E. 為了表示委婉或禮貌，避免提及動作執(zhí)行者或說話者自己

　　You've been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同樣的錯誤。

　　Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下規(guī)定。

　　The control room may not be entered without permission. 非經(jīng)許可，勿入控制室。

　　F. 科技文獻(xiàn)中為了客觀地描述事情及其過程

　　The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colors of light. 膠卷上涂了一層感光的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，這些物質(zhì)因光的不同色度與顏色而改變。

　　G. 資訊報道中為了體現(xiàn)資訊的客觀性

　　The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nation's west development campaign. 西氣東輸工程7月4日全線開工，這是國家西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的一件大事。

　　H．有些動詞習(xí)慣上常用被動語態(tài)

　　He was born in this city.

　　他出生在這個城市。

　　The school is situated in the suburbs. 這所學(xué)校位于郊外。

　　注意：

　　被動語態(tài)中的by短語通?？梢允∪?。但如果by短語是句子的重點(diǎn)所在，或者沒有by短語全句的意思不完整時，則要保留by短語。

　　The vegetables didn't taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，燒的時間太長了。（不需要動作的執(zhí)行者）

　　He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到達(dá)了機(jī)場并受到朋友的迎接。（沒有by his friend，句子的意思不完整）

　　Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那種消息搞得很沮喪。（需要by短語）第二章 被動語態(tài)（二）三、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)

　　中國人的思維的著眼點(diǎn)在動作的施動者，英美人思維的著眼點(diǎn)在動作的承受者。

　　中國人常這樣說：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你準(zhǔn)時到那里。

　　英美人常這樣說：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你準(zhǔn)時到那里。

　　這就是英語中被動語態(tài)的使用比漢語中多的原因。由于英語句子的主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)不同，因而變成被動語態(tài)的方式也各不相同。

　　A. 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語

　　“主語 + 謂語 + 賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中只有一個賓語，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z：

　　They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他們將在會議上討論這個問題。

　　-- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 這個問題將在會議上討論。

　　In the past the king possessed great wealth. 過去國王擁有巨大的財富。

　　In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 過去，巨大的財富為國王所擁有。

　　B. 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語

　　在這個句型中，謂語動詞跟有兩個賓語。變成被動語態(tài)時，一般將通常指人的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，但有時也可將指物的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語：

　　We gave the student some books. 我們給了這個學(xué)生幾本書。

　　-- The student was given some books. 這個學(xué)生被給了幾本書。

　　-- Some books were given to the student. 幾本書被給了這個學(xué)生。

　　His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺電腦。