2024高考英語備考復習課件:動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
6.“be+介詞+表示動作的名詞”也可表達被動意義。例如: The new type of bike is on sale. A new railway is under construction. 7.以-able 或 -ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞,大多含有被動意義。例如: Some stars are invisible. 有些星星肉眼是看不到的。 What you said was understandable. 你的話是可以理解的。
[名校模擬演練] 1.(2010·山東濰坊質(zhì)量監(jiān)測)—Did you notice my little son
Tom just now? —No, Mrs Black. I ______ computer games. A.play
B.a(chǎn)m playing C.would play
D.was playing 解析:考查時態(tài)。從問話中的“just now”可知,事情發(fā)生在過去,根據(jù)“我一直在玩電腦游戲,沒看到小Tom”可知用過去進行時。 答案:D 2.(2010·安徽皖南八校二聯(lián))I ______ you not to give up that job—now, where can you find a better one? A.told
B.were telling C.had told
D.tell 解析:此題考查時態(tài)。“我告訴過你不要放棄那份工作,現(xiàn)在你到哪里去找一份更好的呢?”“告訴”為過去的動作,故用一般過去時。 答案:A 3.(2010·長春調(diào)研)-Saw Lucy and her hoyfriend in the park at nine yesterday evening. -Impossible. She ______ the Internet with me in my home then. A.surfed
B.had surfed C.would surf
D.was surfing 解析:考查時態(tài)。根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容可知,昨天晚上九點時Lucy正在和我一起上網(wǎng),因此用過去進行時。 答案:D 4.(2010·福建六校三聯(lián))The headmaster recommended that we ______ to school on time for the afternoon English reading. A.had come
B.would come C.come
D.came 解析:考查虛擬語氣的用法。在此,recommend表“建議,勸告”,其后的賓語從句的謂語用“should+動詞原形”,且should可以省略。 答案:C 5.(2010·北京東城期末)Right now the government is trying to control the number of people who ______ by H1N1 flu. A.have been affected
B.have affected C.a(chǎn)re affected
D.a(chǎn)ffect 解析:考查動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)。語意:政府正在試圖控制感染H1N1流感的人的數(shù)量。人們被感染流感,用sb be affected by sth結(jié)構(gòu),這里說的是現(xiàn)在的一般情況,故用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài),答案應(yīng)該選C項。 答案:C 6.(2010·北京海淀期末)I ______ on my report next week, so I won't be able to meet you. A.a(chǎn)m working
B.will be working C.was working
D.have been working 解析:考查動詞的時態(tài)。從后面的next week可知,應(yīng)用將來時,語意表示“下周,我將正忙于寫報告……”,所以用將來進行時,據(jù)此答案應(yīng)該選B項。 答案:B 7.(2010·陜西西安質(zhì)檢)We haven't moved into the new office building—it ______ right now. A.is decorating
B.has been decorated C.is being decorated
D.has been decorating 解析:考查動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)題干中前面一句話的時態(tài)及后一句話中的時間狀語right now可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進行時;又依據(jù)語意可知,房子正在被裝飾,因此選C。 答案:C 8.(2010·上海春招)We ______ on our project day and night in the past two weeks. A.had worked
B.have worked C.will be working
D.a(chǎn)re working 解析:考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)句中時間狀語in the past two weeks可以推斷出應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時,表示動作的持續(xù),故選B項。 答案:B 9.(2010·成都玉林中學)He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ______ from the university next year. A.will graduate
B.will have graduated C.graduates
D.is to graduate 解析:考查時態(tài)。by the time引導的是時間狀語從句,而本句的主句是將來時,所以從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。 答案:C 10.(2010·西南師大附中)-Would you like to go to the cinema with me tomorrow afternoon? -I'd like to, Mum, but I ______ to a party by Jane. It is her birthday. A.a(chǎn)m invited
B.was invited C.will be invited
D.have been invited 解析:考查時態(tài)。這里用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響,即Jane已經(jīng)邀請我參加她的party,故不能陪母親去看電影了。 答案:D
(4)靜止性的表示思想、信念的動詞:think (認為),consider (認為),believe,trust,guess,wonder,forget,know,understand,realize,suppose,agree 等。這類動詞不是指積極的思維活動過程,而是指思維活動的結(jié)果。 但consider (考慮),think (思考、想),suppose (推想)等動詞在表示積極的思維活動過程時,可以用進行時。例如: What are you thinking about?
(5)表示喜愛、憎惡的情感動詞:like,love,prefer,worship,hate,dislike 等。
(6)表示要求、愿望的動詞:desire,hope,want,wish,wonder 等(expect 例外)。 五、現(xiàn)在完成時 1.基本用法 (1)表示過去的某一動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果。這時,謂語動詞可由非延續(xù)性動詞充當。如果跟有時間狀語,則時間狀語通常為不確定的過去時間。例如: —Have you seen my glasses? —Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago. She has married a very rich film star recently. 特別提醒:不能受漢語影響,將現(xiàn)在完成時與過去時間連用。如不能說:I have got in touch with him yesterday. (2)表示一個動作或狀態(tài)從過去某一時起一直延續(xù)至今(可能已停止,也可能還將延續(xù)下去),這時的謂語動詞須用延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞。時間狀語須用段時間。例如: He has worked here since a year ago. He has been in the League for five years. (3)表示到目前為止的一段時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的重復行為(與現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)無關(guān)),即表示一種經(jīng)歷。這時的謂語動詞也可用非延續(xù)性動詞,但須與時間狀語連用。例如: We have learned five English songs this term. A lot of factories have been built up since (the) liberation. He has often gone to Nanjing these years.(現(xiàn)在不一定在南京)
2.與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語 (1)不確定的過去時間:already,yet,before,recently,just 等。 (2)頻度副詞:always,ever,never,often,once,twice 等。 (3)包括說話時刻在內(nèi)的一段時間:for,since,in the last (past,recent)few years,today,this morning (week,month,year),up to now 等。 (4)現(xiàn)在完成時不可與表示過去的時間狀語連用,也不可與能表示出過去時間的地點狀語連用。如不可說:He has seen the film yesterday.也不可說:He has seen the film in Nanjing. (5)瞬間動詞的完成時態(tài)不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如不可說:He has joined the army for three years.而應(yīng)該說:He has been in the army for three years./He has been an army man for three years./Three years have passed since he joined the army./It is three years since he joined the army./He joined the army three years ago.
(6)瞬間動詞的否定式可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用,因為動作的否定式可以表示狀態(tài),而狀態(tài)是可以延續(xù)的。例如: I haven't written to you for a long time.(不可說:I have written to you for a long time.) 3.have been(to) 和 have gone(to) 的區(qū)別 have been(to) 側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷,表示“曾經(jīng)去過”某地,說話時此人很可能不在那里,已經(jīng)回來。 have gone(to)表示某人“已經(jīng)去了”某地,說話時此人在那里,或可能在路上,反正不在這里。 4.現(xiàn)在完成時與其他時態(tài)的區(qū)別 (1)與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成進行時是一兼有現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在進行時二者基本特點的時態(tài)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完成時的特點,所以它可以表示某一動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。由于它有現(xiàn)在進行時的特點,所以它也可以表示某一動作的延續(xù)性、臨時性、重復性、生動性乃至感情色彩。 現(xiàn)在就現(xiàn)在完成進行時的這些特點和現(xiàn)在完成時作一簡單的比較: ①現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時皆可表示動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,但前者所表示的結(jié)果是直接的,而后者所表示的則是最后的結(jié)果。試比較: We have been cleaning the classroom.(a) We have cleaned the classroom.(b)
(a)句可譯為“我們打掃教室來著。”其直接結(jié)果可能是:我們身上都是灰。(b)句可以譯為“我們把教室打掃過了。”其最后結(jié)果是:現(xiàn)在教室很清潔,可以用了。另外,(a)句還可表示教室剛剛打掃過,(b)句則可能表示教室是昨天打掃的。 Be careful!John has been painting the door.(a) John has painted the door.(b) (a)句表示約翰剛剛把門油漆過,現(xiàn)在油漆還未干,所以你要小心。(b)句則無此含義,油漆可能已干了。 ②現(xiàn)在完成進行時有時有延續(xù)性,現(xiàn)在完成時往往沒有。試比較: They have been widening the road.(a) They have widened the road.(b) (a) 句的意思是他們在加寬馬路,但尚未完工。(b) 句的意思多半是已完工了。 ③現(xiàn)在完成進行時往往表示動作在重復,現(xiàn)在完成時則常常不帶重復性。試比較: Have you been meeting her lately?(a) Have you met her lately?(b)
(a)句有“經(jīng)常相會”之意,(b) 句則沒有。當然,(b) 句如與 often,every day 等時間狀語連用,也可表示動作在重復。 ④現(xiàn)在完成進行時比較生動,有時含有明顯的感情色彩,而現(xiàn)在完成時往往只說明一個事實,一種影響或結(jié)果,平鋪直敘,沒有什么感情色彩可言。試比較: What have you been doing?(a) What have you done?(b) (a) 句表示驚異,(b) 句只是一個問題。 Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.(a) Recently Mary has done her work regularly.(b) (a)句顯然是在表揚瑪麗,(b)句只說明一個事實。 I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a) I have long wanted to meet you.(b) (a)句比(b)句更親切,更有禮貌。
⑤用于現(xiàn)在完成時的動詞可以是延續(xù)性的,也可以是非延續(xù)性的,可以是行為動詞,也可以是狀態(tài)動詞;而用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時的動詞只能是延續(xù)性的行為動詞。
(2)與一般過去時和過去完成時的區(qū)別 表示過去完成的某一動作根據(jù)具體情況可以適用多種時態(tài)。強調(diào)動作本身,即動作發(fā)生的時間、地點、方式、原因等時用一般過去時。例如: He saw the film in town. 強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響時,用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如: He has seen the film before,and I am sure he knows about it. 但當過去某一動作發(fā)生在過去某一時間或另一動作之前時,則用過去完成時。例如: Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. How long had they known each other before they got married? 六、過去完成時 1.表示過去某時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況,這個過去的時間可以用 by,before 等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如: We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. By the end of last year they had turned out 5,000 bicycles. 2.動詞 expect,hope,mean,intend,plan,suppose,wish,want,desire 等用過去完成時,表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現(xiàn)。例如: I had meant to take a good holiday this year,but l wasn't able to get away. 另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達方式是: (1)was/were+to have done sth,例如: We were to have come yesterday,but we couldn't. (2)intended(expected,hoped,meant,planned,supposed,wished,wanted,desired)+to have done sth.例如: I meant to have told you about it,but I forgot to do so. 3.過去完成時常用于以下固定句型: (1)hardly,scarcely, barely+過去完成時+when+過去時。例如: Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. (2)no sooner+過去完成時+than+過去時。例如: No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. (3)by(the end of)+過去時間,主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如: The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon. 七、將來完成時 將來完成時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作;也可以用來表示一種猜測。常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有:by(the time/the end of)+表示將來時間的短語或句子;before(the end of)+表示將來時間的短語或句子;when,after 等+表示將來動作的句子等。例如: By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. I shall have finished this composition before 9 o'clock. When we get on the railway station,the train will probably have left. 八、各種時態(tài)下的被動語態(tài)形式 一般現(xiàn)在時is/am/are done 一般過去時was/were done 一般將來時
will be done 現(xiàn)在進行時is/am/are being done 過去進行時was/were being done 現(xiàn)在完成時have/has been done 過去完成時had been done 過去將來時would be done 九、特殊形式的被動結(jié)構(gòu) 1.狀態(tài)被動 狀態(tài)被動與動作被動相對,狀態(tài)被動中的過去分詞不強調(diào)動作,而表示狀態(tài),實際上相當于一個形容詞,因此整個句子應(yīng)視作一個系表結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞多由有“完成意義的動詞”變化而來,這類動詞常見的有:close,change,build,cut,marry,engage,destroy,break 等。例如: It's eight o'clock now and all the shops in this street are closed. They were married and happy when I saw him. 特別提醒:①狀態(tài)被動不能和時間狀語或頻度狀語連用,否則就成了動作被動。 ②狀態(tài)被動中的be動詞可以換成look,become,remain,stay 等連系動詞。 例如: The village remains unchanged. 2.get 被動 在被動語態(tài)中,get 可以用來代替助動詞 be 表示動作被動(不表示狀態(tài)被動)。與動作被動稍有不同的是,get 被動既強調(diào)動作本身,又強調(diào)動作結(jié)果。例如: Let's ask the policeman for help,or we may get lost. Did you get beaten by your father? 特別提醒:不是所有的被動句都可以由get來構(gòu)成的。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用于以下兩種情況: ①表示一些突然、偶然或預想不到的事情時。例如: On my way home I got hurt by a football. ②表示自身所做的一些動作。如:get dressed,get washed,get married,get engaged,get lost,get confused等。 3.間接被動 “have(get)+賓語+過去分詞”的形式可表示間接被動意義。這種用法通常見于下列三種情況: (1)表示有計劃地請(讓)別人做某事,過去分詞所表示的動作由他人執(zhí)行。 例如: Your hair is too long.You should have it cut as soon as you can. (2)表示一種經(jīng)歷,這種經(jīng)歷一般是消極的。句型中過去分詞所表示的動作由他人執(zhí)行。例如: She had her bag stolen yesterday. 她的包昨天被人偷走了。 He had his head injured in the accident. 他的頭在事故中受傷了。 (3)表示使役,強調(diào)某個事情被完成了,過去分詞所表示的動作通常由主語本身執(zhí)行。例如: We have our exercises done.(=Our exercises are done by ourselves and are finished now.) 十、主動形式表示被動意義的情況 1.read, write, sell, wash, open, lock, cut 等動作動詞在不表示動作,而表示主語的潛能、性狀、特征等非動作意義時,其主動形式可表示被動意義,但其肯定式一般需后接副詞、形容詞或類似短語等對該動詞作進一步的說明,其否定式一般用 won't, wouldn't, can't 等。例如: The article reads all right. I don't think it needs improving. The book sells well. The bus wouldn't move a bit. 2.easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, cheap, expensive, impossible, dangerous 等形容詞作表語后接不定式時,不定式可用主動形式表示被動含義。例如: English is not easy to learn. 3.不定式做定語時,若與句子的主語或賓語同時具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,可用主動形式表示被動含義。例如: I have a lot of things to do. Give me something to eat. 特別提醒:①若與句子的主語或賓語沒有主謂關(guān)系,則還是用被動式為好。例如: I have nothing to be taken there, thank you. ②不定式做表語形容詞的狀語,和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時,不定式多用主動形式,這是因為人們往往認為形容詞后省略了 for people, for one, for you, for us 這樣的邏輯主語。例如: He is a person hard(for one) to get along with. ③在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中,說話人如果側(cè)重強調(diào)必須有人去完成某件事時,不定式用主動形式;如果強調(diào)事情本身必須完成,則用被動式。試比較: There is much homework to do.(Someone has to do the homework.) There is much homework to be done. (The homework has to be done.) 4.在 need, require, want (需要),be worth 等詞后做賓語的動名詞,可用其主動形式表示被動含義。例如: The song is well worth listening to. 5.連系動詞不及物,其主動形式可以表示被動含義。例如: His theory certainly sounded reasonable. Her answer to the question proved (to be) correct. 專題六 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 一、一般現(xiàn)在時 1.基本用法 (1)表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的行為,常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。例如: He usually gets up early. He cycles to work every day. (2)表示一種事實或不著眼于時間的一般性陳述。例如: Fujian lies in the east of China. —Can I help you,sir? —Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it doesn't work. Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。 (3)表示真理。例如: Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees. 特別提醒:該用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句中的謂語動詞也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如: Columbus proved that the earth is round. (4)用于某些不用于進行時態(tài)的靜態(tài)動詞來表示現(xiàn)在的行為和狀態(tài)。例如: We love the Party. Tom writes good English but does not speak well. 2.其他用法 (1)用于文章標題、故事簡介、舞臺指導和實況解說等。例: Now I put the sugar in the cup.(動作解說) (2)與 advise,apologize,thank,predict,declare 等實施言語行為的動詞連用,表示瞬間現(xiàn)在。例如: I advise you to agree to his plan. I apologize. (3)在強調(diào)句式中,從句用將來時的情況下,主句仍用現(xiàn)在時。例如: It is the headmaster who will give us a lecture. 3.錯位用法 (1)表示模糊過去。例如: I hear they failed to get in touch with her at last. (2)在下面的倒裝句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時替代現(xiàn)在進行時,表示現(xiàn)時刻的瞬間動作。例如: Here comes the bus! There goes the bell! 二、一般過去時 1.基本用法 (1)表示過去發(fā)生的一次性行為或狀態(tài)。例如: —When did you finish writing this report? —The other day. He was born on May 3,1962. (2)表示過去發(fā)生的經(jīng)常、反復的動作或狀態(tài)。例如: He was always the first to come. 特別提醒:過去的習慣動作,我們還可以用 would 或 used to 來表達(不能與次數(shù)連用)。would 只表示過去的動作,不能表示狀態(tài);這種習慣動作現(xiàn)在可能還會存在。used to 既可以表示過去的動作,也可以表示過去的狀態(tài);這種習慣動作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在已不復存在。 2.其他用法 (1)說話者在敘述一些已知事實的原委、起因時。例如: I have seen him already—he came to borrow a tape recorder.(交代原委) I haven't seen you for a long time.What happened to you? (追問已知事實的原委) I bought the motor bike in Yangzhou.(說明現(xiàn)有摩托車的來源) (2)句中有表示過去時間的副詞或暗含過去時間的地點狀語時。例如: Yangzhou was once the second biggest city in China. I saw the film in Nanjing.
3.錯位用法 (1)用一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在,以使語氣更加婉轉(zhuǎn)。 ①情態(tài)動詞通常是 could,would 等。例如: Could you tell me the way to the bus station? ②行為動詞一般為 want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。例如: I wondered if you could help me. Did you want anything else? (2)用一般過去時替代過去完成時。例如: As soon as he arrived(=had arrived),he telephoned me.(因為連詞本身已經(jīng)表示了動作的先后關(guān)系) Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492。(敘述歷史事實,可不用過去完成時,而只用一般過去時。) 三、一般將來時 1.基本用法 (1)表示將要發(fā)生的動作或情況。例如: The agreement will come into force (生效) next spring. 特別提醒:過去將來時是從過去的角度看將來,主要由“would/should/was(were to)/+動詞原形”等結(jié)構(gòu)來表示。這些結(jié)構(gòu)主要用在主句謂語動詞為過去時的賓語從句以及有上下文暗示的情況。 (2)表示一種傾向或習慣性動作。例如: Crops will die without water. 2.“一般將來”的表達 (1)用助動詞 shall 和 will。shall用于第一人稱,表示“單純的將來”,will用于所有人稱,表示“單純的將來”或“帶意愿色彩的將來”。例如: —Sorry,I forgot to post the letter for you. —Never mind.I will post it myself after school.(句中 will 表示單純未來,不可用 be going to 來替換。) I will help you rebuild the house if I have time.(句中 will 帶有意愿色彩。) 特別提醒:shall 與 will 除了用做助動詞外,還可用做情態(tài)動詞。(詳見“情態(tài)動詞”部分) (2)用 be going to 表示打算、計劃、安排做某事,強調(diào)人的主觀意志,而will多表示一種客觀未來,有時可以表示帶意愿色彩的將來或表示一種主觀推測。試比較: I'm going to watch TV this evening.(主觀行為) I will be twenty next year.(客觀事實,不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移,即不可說:I'm going to be twenty next year.) Tomorrow's weather will be rainy and windy.(主觀推測) 用 be going to 還可表示不遠的將來。例如: It's going to rain. (3)用 be to 表示按計劃將要發(fā)生或表示應(yīng)該怎樣。例如: We are to leave at six. All these things are to be answered for.
特別提醒:be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,句子主語通常不是安排的做出者,而 be going to 則表示主觀的打算或計劃。試比較: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客觀安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主觀打算) (4)用 be about to 表示即將發(fā)生的動作,該句型一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用。例如: He is about to go.或:He is about to go now.(不可說:He is about to go this afternoon.) 3.錯位用法 (1)用一般現(xiàn)在時表示按時間表規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的事(須與時間狀語連用),這些事是周而復始發(fā)生的,所以,可以將其視為一種事實,而用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如: —When does the train start? —It starts at 6:35 tomorrow morning according to the time-table.Tomorrow is Sunday. Next Teachers' Day falls on a Saturday.
(2)用 go,come,leave,arrive,begin,start,return 等表示動作“起止”的動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時形式表示即將,而且這些動作在時間上已確定好或安排好。例如: I think he is arriving. (3)用某些瞬間動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時形式表示即將。例如: The goat is dying. (4)在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時替代一般將來(或用一般過去時替代過去將來,現(xiàn)在完成時替代將來完成,現(xiàn)在進行時替代將來進行)。例如: Post the letter for me when you go to the post office.
(5)在動詞 hope,take care that,make sure that等后。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. (6)用情態(tài)動詞表示將來。例如: May I come too? 四、現(xiàn)在進行時與過去進行時 1.基本用法 (1)現(xiàn)在進行時表示此時此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。例: I don't really work here;I am just helping out until the secretary arrives. Mr Green is writing another novel.(說話時可能并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) (2)過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作發(fā)生時正在發(fā)生的動作。例如: I don't think Jim saw me;he was just staring into space. —Why did you forget the time? —Oh, sorry.I was watering the flowers.
2.其他用法 (1)表示動作起止、狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的動詞,如:go,come,arrive,set out,start off,take off (起飛),它們的進行時可表示將來。例如: The plane is taking off at six. (2)瞬間動詞的進行時可表示: 即將:The wounded soldier is dying. 反復:Someone is knocking at the door. 逐漸:The house is falling down.(表示動作的徐徐發(fā)生) 比較:The house falls down.(表示突然的瞬間動作)
(3)與 always,constantly,frequently,continually,forever,all the time 等連用,表示贊嘆、贊揚、厭惡、不滿等情感。例如: He is always thinking of others. You are always asking such silly questions. 3.進行時的特點 進行時表示一個動作的進行過程,因此,它常常暗示動作的未完成性。例如: He was writing a letter yesterday evening.(不一定寫完) 比較:He wrote a letter yesterday evening.(已寫完) 特別提醒:由于進行時強調(diào)動作的過程,故常與持續(xù)性動詞連用,而不和 accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等瞬間動詞連用。 4.不能用于進行時的動詞 (1)表示事實狀態(tài)的動詞:be,seem,appear (似乎),cost,owe,exist,include,matter,weigh,measure,continue 等。 特別提醒:be 一般不能用于進行時,如我們不能說:He is being all.或:The wall is being white.但我們可以說:He is being kind.因為 kind 是一種人們的意志可以控制的外部行為的特征,這類形容詞叫“動態(tài)形容詞”,而 tall,white 這類形容詞叫“靜態(tài)形容詞”。再請看下面的例子: He is a fool.(他本質(zhì)上是個傻子) He is being a fool.(此刻他顯得很傻) 常見的動態(tài)形容詞有:friendly,good,careful,happy 等。 (2)有關(guān)所屬關(guān)系的動詞:belong to,consist of(包括),contain(包含),have,hold,possess,own等。 但在類似 have a lesson,hold a meeting 這樣的短語中,have 和 hold 已不表所屬關(guān)系,而表示從事一項活動,因此,可以用于進行時。
(3)靜止性的知覺動詞:feel (摸起來,感覺到),smell (聞起來),taste (嘗起來),see (看到),hear (聽到),這類動詞表示的是一種感覺,是非主動的,亦即無意識的動作。使用這類動詞時,通常注意的不是動作的過程,而是感受的結(jié)果。例如: You see here an old woman. The dish tastes nice. 當上述動詞表示主動的動作,從而強調(diào)動作的過程時,可以用進行時。例如: They're seeing a film. I'm tasting the dish to see if it has enough salt. 上述動詞中的 feel 在不表示“觸摸”而表示身體的“感覺”時,既可用一般式,也可用進行式,區(qū)別不大。例如: He feels tired. I'm feeling much better today.