Section 13　閱讀補全(七選五)

　　解題技巧

　　1．閱讀時不能僅僅注重文章細(xì)節(jié)，更應(yīng)該注意文章的布局。

　　2．注意句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系(是總還是分？是主旨還是細(xì)節(jié)？)

　　3．注意段落間的邏輯關(guān)系(轉(zhuǎn)折？遞進(jìn)？總結(jié)？舉例？……)。

　　4．將歷屆高考試題進(jìn)行分析，重點分析結(jié)構(gòu)清晰的說明文或議論文。

　　5．“七選五”的解題策略

　　(1)從意思上判斷

　　在做題時最重要的是要讀懂空白前后的句子，明白這幾句話的確切意思，然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項中選取正確答案。在讀懂意思的基礎(chǔ)上，利用線索詞等進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)答案。

　　(2)從詞匯上鎖定線索

　　做題時很重要的一點是保持對一些線索詞的敏感，最主要的線索詞是空白前后的名詞和動詞，尋找答案時注意在選項中查找同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的/年代的詞、地點/名稱等專有名詞。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況下，利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。

　　(3)從關(guān)聯(lián)詞上查找

　　由于英語的句、段之間經(jīng)常會運用關(guān)聯(lián)詞或某些具有關(guān)聯(lián)作用的副詞表示銜接和過渡，使文章邏輯更清楚和連貫，因此文章中和選項中表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的路標(biāo)性信號詞在選擇答案時都是很重要的線索。在做題時可將這三個層面的線索很好地結(jié)合起來。例如，表示并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞，一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性；表示轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系的詞則往往表示前后句子的名詞同指，但句意

　　1)并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：and，or，also，neither...nor...，either...or...，likewise，similarly，equally，in the same way，that is to say，as well as，the same...as，besides，additionally，furthermore，moreover，in addition to，what is more等。

　　2)因果關(guān)系：because，for，since，as，thus，hence，therefore，so，so...that，consequently，accordingly，due to，thanks to，as a result，because of，in that，for this reason，of course等。

　　3)轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系：but，however，yet，on the contrary，by contrast，on the other hand，unfortunately，while，whereas，unlike，rather than，instead of，it is true that，although，though，even though，even if，nevertheless，despite，in spite of等。

　　4)時間關(guān)系：afterwards，at first，at last，finally，first，firstly，in the first place，to start with，in the meantime，last，later，next，second，secondly，then，third，thirdly，to begin with以及一些具體的時間等。

　　(4)根據(jù)試題所在的不同位置確定不同的解題策略

　　1)如果問題在段首

　　①通常是段落主題句。認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。

　　②與后文是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系等。著重閱讀后文第一、二句，鎖定線索信息詞，然后在選項中查找相關(guān)特征詞。通常正確答案的最后一句與空白后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因

　　③段落間的過渡句。這時要前瞻后望找啟示，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分(通常正確答案與上一段結(jié)尾有機地銜接起來)，并結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否將兩段內(nèi)容連接起來。

　　2)如果問題在段尾

　　①空白前的一句或兩句是重點語句，重點閱讀以鎖定關(guān)鍵詞。

　　②通常是結(jié)論、概括性語句。注意在選項中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信息詞，如therefore，as a result，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word等詞語，選項中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)

　　③與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。此時要注意在選項中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比的詞，同時注意選項中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對立、對比關(guān)系。

　　④與前文是并列或排比關(guān)系。在這種情況下，通常是該段落要求補全說明本段主題的其他細(xì)節(jié)，因此根據(jù)段落一致性原則，在原文和選項中找到相關(guān)的特征詞，通常在選項中會出現(xiàn)表示并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞或與前文類似的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，或出現(xiàn)同義詞等其他信號線索。前面的一句與正確答案的第一句是緊密相連的。要特別注意閱讀這樣相連的兩句，通常會找到關(guān)鍵的線索詞句。

　　⑤所選答案是引出下一段的內(nèi)容。如果在選項中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時可考慮與下一段開頭是否有一定的銜接。認(rèn)真閱讀下一段開頭幾句，看是否與選項的最后一句緊密連接起來。

　　⑥如果第一段的段尾是空白，要認(rèn)真閱讀，看此處是細(xì)節(jié)還是主題。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，會用一些信號詞如轉(zhuǎn)折詞引出來，正確答案中應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞。

　　3)如果問題是一整個自然段

　　①這個段落應(yīng)該是承上啟下，而且自成一體，即有一個段落的中心，因此可重點閱讀選項中較長的選項，以此類推直至找到正確答案。

　　②著重閱讀前一段結(jié)尾和后一段開頭的一、兩句查找相

　　③分析段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系及內(nèi)容的連貫性，注意段落間的銜接手段。將選項代入原文，如果前后內(nèi)容連貫，符合邏輯，就能得出正確答案。

　　A

　　(2024·全國)Secret codes (密碼)keep messages private.Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.

　　People have used secret codes for thousands of years.__1__ Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

　　There are three main types of cryptography.__2__ For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”

　　__3__You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26.If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “135520245.”

　　A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences.To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book.__4__ For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” __5__However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.So codes must be changed frequently.

　　A．It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

　　B．In any language, some letters are used more than others.

　　C．Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

　　D．As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

　　E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

　　F．With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

　　G．Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

　　B

　　(2024·全國Ⅱ)

　　A garden that’s just right for you

　　Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(總和) of its parts？__1__．But it doesn’t happen by accident.It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.

　　?__2__

　　Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料)．__3__．However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.

　　?Recall(回憶)your childhood memories

　　Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad, but that’s not what’s important.__4__—how being in those gardens made us feel.If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.__5__．Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown－up garden.Have fun.

　　A．Know why you garden

　　B．Find a good place for your own garden

　　C．It’s our experience of the garden that matters

　　D．It’s delightful to see so many beautiful flowers

　　E．Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants

　　F．You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too

　　G．For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have

　　C

　　(2024·全國Ⅲ)Everyone knows that fish is good for health.__1__But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home.Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult.__2__This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.

　　__3__Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge.Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh.__4__When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two.Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.

　　There are many common methods used to cook fish.__5__First，clean it and season it with your choice of spices(調(diào)料)．Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound.(A larger one will take more time.)Then，it’s ready to serve.

　　A．Do not buy it.

　　B．The easiest is to steam it.

　　C．This is how you can do it.

　　D．It just requires a little knowledge.

　　E．The fish will go bad within hours.

　　F．When buying fish，you should first smell it.

　　G．The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.

　　D

　　(2024·北京高考)

　　The Science of Risk－Seeking

　　Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking.__1__

　　Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

　　The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.Risk－takers were better at hunting，fighting，or exploring.__2__

　　As the quality of risk－taking was passed from one generation to the next，humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.

　　So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well，even 200，000 years ago，too much risk－taking could get one killed.A few daring survived，though，along with a few stay－in－the－cave types.As a result，humans developed a range of character types that still exists today.So maybe you love car racing，or maybe you hate it.__3__

　　No matter where you are on the risk－seeking range，scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years.__4__

　　To help you do that，your brain increases your hunger for new experiences.New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.

　　__5__

　　For the risk－seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.

　　As experts continue to study the science of risk－seeking，we’ll continue to hit the mountains，the waves or the shallow end of the pool.

　　A．It all depends on your character.

　　B．Those are the risks you should jump to take.

　　C．Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.

　　D．Thus，these well－equipped people survived because they were the fittest.

　　E．This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.

　　F．However，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.

　　G．New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

　　A

　　(2024·全國Ⅰ)

　　Building Trust in a Relationship Again

　　Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences.__1__ Trust is a risk.But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

　　Unfortunately，we’ve all been victims of betrayal.Whether we’ve been stolen from，lied to，misled，or cheated on，there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore.__2__ It’s understandable，but if you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again，we have some steps you can take to get you there.

　　●__3__ Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well－being.

　　● __4__

　　If you’ve been betrayed，you are the victim of your circumstance.But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”．At some point in all of our lives，we’ll have our trust tested or violated.

　　●You didn’t lose “everything”．Once trust is lost，what is left？Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle，look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life.__5__ Instead，it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.

　　A．Learn to really trust yourself.

　　B．It is putting confidence in someone.

　　C．Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

　　D．Remember that you can expect the best in return.

　　E．They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.

　　F．This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

　　G．Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.

　　B

　　(2024·全國Ⅱ)Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady，gradual increases in the length of the runs.__1__，buy the best－fitting，best－built running shoes you can find.No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet，so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop.When you have found shoes that seem right，walk in them for a few days to double－check the fit.__2__．As always，you should stretch(伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.

　　During the first week，do not think about distance，but run five minutes longer each day.__3__，it is wise to take a day off to rest.But during the next week，set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run.__4__．After two weeks，start timing yourself.__5__．Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter，you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.

　　A．After six days

　　B．For a good marathon runner

　　C．Before you begin your training

　　D．With each day，increase the distance by a half mile

　　E．If they still feel good，you can begin running in them

　　F．Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

　　G．Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time

　　C

　　(2024·北京高考)

　　This Way to Dreamland

　　Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy. __1__ They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.

　　But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. __2__ Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?