第四講定語從句

　　單句語法填空

　　1．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.

　　2．(2024·廣東高考語法填空)When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.

　　3．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit which/that is driving your family crazy.

　　4．(2024·廣東高考語法填空)Nick's guests, who had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.

　　5．(2024·江蘇高考改編)The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

　　6．(2024·四川高考改編)The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.

　　7．(2024·陜西高考改編)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.

　　8．(2024·重慶高考改編)He wrote many

　　children's books, nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.

　　一、關系代詞引導的定語從句

　　1．who, whom, whose引導的定語從句

　　(1)who 或whom均可指代人，但who在從句中作主語或賓語，whom在從句中作賓語；兩者在引導限制性定語從句時常可用that替換。作主語時，who/that不可省略；作賓語時，whom/who/that可以省略。

　　①I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.

　　我與好幾位去年在英語演講比賽中結識的同校同學成了好朋友。

　　②I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.

　　我有很多打算寄賀卡給他們的朋友。

　　(2)whose表所屬關系，一般指人，也可指物，在從句中作定語。指物時相當于of which；指人時相當于of whom。

　　The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.

　　這家校內商店的主要顧客是學生，放假時商店關門。

　　2．that, which引導的定語從句

　　(1)which指物，在從句中可以作主語、賓語，也可作定語，作賓語時可以省略。that指人或物均可，在從句中可以作主語、賓語、表語，作賓語時可以省略。

　　She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.

　　她帶著這些游客參觀了那座三年前建造的博物館。

　　(2)限制性定語從句中，關系代詞只用that 不用which的情況：

　　①先行詞為不定代詞anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等時。

　　I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.

　　我拒絕接受因別人的錯誤而對我進行的指責。

　　②先行詞是形容詞最高級或序數詞，或先行詞前有形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾時。

　　The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.

　　他們在桂林參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。

　　③先行詞被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, all等修飾時。

　　The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.

　　這頓飯只有甜點是我真正愛吃的。

　　④先行詞中既有表示人又有表示物的名詞時。

　　They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.

　　他們將永遠不會忘記在他們的長途旅行中見到或聽說過的人和事。

　　(3)關系詞只用which而不用that的情況：

　　①關系詞引導非限制性定語從句時。

　　The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.

　　這個男孩離家一個星期了，這使他父母很擔心。

　　②當從句中的介詞提前，構成“介詞＋關系代詞”結構時。

　　We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

　　我們生活在一個信息比以前更容易獲得的時代。

　　3．as引導的定語從句

　　(1)as 可以引導限制性定語從句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行詞＋as ...”結構中。

　　Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.

　　像在我們車間使用的機器是中國制造的。

　　—————————————————————————————————————which引導定語從句代指前面整句話內容時只能位于主句之后。

　　He kept lying to me, which annoyed me greatly.

　　他總是對我說謊，這事使我很惱火。

　　————————————————————————————————————— (2)as 也可以引導非限制性定語從句，定語從句說明整個句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。

　　常用的這種類似插入語的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。

　　“You can't judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.

　　正如老話所說的那樣：“人不可貌相。”

　　二、關系副詞引導的定語從句

　　1．where 引導的定語從句

　　where表示地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語，相當于“介詞in/at/on ...＋which”。

　　Opposite is St.Paul's Church, where you can hear some lovely music.(2024·北京高考單選)

　　＝Opposite is St.Paul's Church, in which you can hear some lovely music.

　　對面是圣保羅大教堂，你們在那里能聽到一些動聽的音樂。

　　—————————————————————————————————————

　　當先行詞為situation, case, stage, point, activity, atmosphere等抽象名詞，且引導詞在定語從句中表示事情發生的情況、階段等時，常用關系副詞where引導。

　　You reach a point where medicine can't help.

　　你到了藥物無法治療的地步。

　　—————————————————————————————————————

　　2．when 引導的定語從句

　　when表示時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語，相當于“介詞in/at/on/during ...＋which”結構。

　　I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.(2024·湖南高考單選)

　　我正期盼那一天的到來，那時我女兒可以讀這本書，并且了解我對她的感情。

　　3．why引導的定語從句

　　why表示原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，相當于“介詞for＋which”結構。

　　Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?

　　你知道他沒參加會議的原因嗎？

　　—————————————————————————————————————

　　非限制性定語從句中，常用for which 表示原因而不用why。

　　I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting.

　　我把理由告訴了他們，為此我沒有去開會。

　　—————————————————————————————————————

　　三、“介詞＋關系詞”引導的定語從句

　　1．介詞和關系代詞的確定

　　若介詞放在關系代詞之前，關系代詞指人時常用whom，指物時常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞＋whose＋名詞”結構。一般來說，確定關系代詞前的介詞，可以從以下三方面入手：

　　①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.

　　皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事業。(be devoted to “獻身，致力于”)

　　②I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.(2024·天津高考單選)

　　我希望感謝史密斯教授，沒有他的幫助，我永遠不會走這么遠。

　　③Recently I bought an ancient vase, whose price(＝the price of which) was very reasonable.

　　最近我買了個古代的花瓶，它的價錢很合理。

　　2．“of＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句

　　在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代詞或數詞的前、后表示整體與部分的關系可以用of which/whom。

　　John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.(2024·重慶高考單選)

　　約翰邀請了大約40人參加他的婚禮，他們當中絕大部分是家庭成員。

　　3．“介詞＋where”引導的定語從句

　　有時“介詞＋where”可以引導定語從句，此時要和“介詞＋which”引導的定語從句從意思上加以區別。

　　His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.

　　他的頭很快從窗口探了出來，從那里除了樹木他什么也看不到。(from where相當于from out of the window，而不是from the window)

　　[典題精選] [我來改正] [常設誤點]

　　(2024·衡水市點睛金榜大聯考)It's really lucky I came to a restaurant that I am known. that→where (1)關系代詞與關系副詞的錯用

　　關系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語；關系副詞在從句中作狀語。

　　(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o'clock at night. that→which (2)that與which的錯用

　　在不定代詞、最高級、序數詞等后用that；在非限制性定語從句和介詞后用which。

　　(2024·九江高三一模)The book, of whose the cover is broken is of great help to all of us. whose→which (3)which和whose的錯用

　　在定語從句中，關系代詞which在從句中常作主語或賓語，也可作定語，而whose只可作定語，“whose＋n.”相當于“the＋n.＋of which”或“of which＋the＋n.”。

　　(2024·嘉峪關市一中三模)There are many people think that wealth is better than health. 在people后加who或think→thinking (4)關系詞的缺失

　　主要考查在there be結構中，容易受漢語影響而漏掉用作主語的關系詞who/that/which等。

　　.單句語法填空

　　1．(2024·唐山一中仿真模擬一)The richest of these is Bill Gates, worth at least $41 billion, who made his money by starting the company Microsoft.

　　2．(2024·海口二模)So, they looked around for a soccer club that/which would be able to do this for them.

　　3．(2024·山東臨沂二模)Ice bucket challenge is like the epidemic (流行病), which becomes popular around the world very quickly.

　　4．(2024·三門峽市考前適應性練習)Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display.

　　5．(2024·邢臺高三摸底考試)Officer: I'm afraid I can't do that, Madam. In school zones, I'm required to give tickets to all drivers who/that break the rules. It's the law in this county.

　　6．(2024·南陽一中二模)Freeflyers, as the name suggests, enjoy the more spontaneous (即興的) thrill of doing their own things.

　　7．(2024·青島高三第二次統一質檢)It's generally believed that this is the best play that was written by Jack.

　　8．(2024·吉林省實驗中學模擬)Her boyfriend left in tears and a few days later sent a note to her, which said, “Please take good care of your eyes, my dear, because before they are yours, they were mine！”

　　9．(2024·滕州4月模擬)Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.

　　10．(2024·南陽一中二模)My uncle has two daughters, both of whom are good students.

　　11．(2024·滕州5月模擬)She dreamed of the day when the manager of the supermarket would say to her with a smile, “Madam, this is your lucky day. Everything in your basket is free.”

　　12．(2024·江西鷹潭二模)The police must give the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law.

　　.單句改錯

　　1．(2024·大慶質量檢測二短文改錯)I finally knew the reason what she didn't talk to me and comforted her.what→why

　　2．(2024·蘭州模擬短文改錯)However, the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those which prefer reading articles about learning methods.which→who

　　3．(2024·唐山一模短文改錯)I made friends with the daughter of my home-stay family, which was a college student.which→who

　　4．(2024·長春質量監測二短文改錯)I am a 25-year-old young man graduated from the Foreign Languages Department of Jilin University.man后加who/that或graduated→graduating

　　5．(2024·青島統一檢測短文改錯)You can also make more Chinese friends, they will tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.they→who或they前加and

　　6．(2024·南昌二模短文改錯)For me the one scoring the most is the winner. But Tom said, “The one which tries his best is the real winner.”which→who

　　7．(2024·江西贛州模擬短文改錯)He saw pictures of vehicles could climb up the sides of buildings. He made up his mind to design a better vehicle.could前加that/which

　　8．(2024·石家莊二中模擬短文改錯)They were deeply moved, most of them were with tears in their eyes.them→whom或most前加and

　　.語法填空

　　(2024·河北省七校高三聯合考試)When you decide you're going to live alone, you get upset. This is __1__(nature). But there's no need to get __2__(worry). Below are some ideas __3__ can help you out.

　　Saving money is __4__ you need to start several months before you move out. You need to save enough money __5__(help) you survive for at least a month in the new place. The __6__ (easy) of all ways is to spend less!

　　Search for a place to live in before __7__(move) out. Make sure that the place you choose is in a good location. Besides, you can afford __8__. If you're going to stay in an expensive city, find a roommate so that you can share the expenses.

　　And if you have to live __9__ your own for a long time, you'll have to look for a part-time job. If you're __10__ student, you can work in restaurants, theaters, etc. And don't spend a lot of money in a wasteful way! Try and save every penny of what you earn.

　　1．natural　句意：當你決定單獨生活時，你變得沮喪，這是自然的。分析句子成分可知，空處作表語，故此處需要用nature的形容詞形式。

　　2．worried　get worried“擔心，擔憂”。

　　3．that　句意：下面是一些幫助你擺脫困境的方法。因為先行詞前有不定代詞some修飾，所以此處用that引導限制性定語從句。

　　4．what　句意：在你搬出去的幾個月之前，你就需要開始存錢。what引導表語從句，并在從句中作賓語。