詞義猜測題

　　(一)據(jù)邏輯，猜詞義

　　(2024·北京·C)

　　Life in the Clear

　　Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unless they're eating it, or unless something is eating them.”

　　And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal become see-through? It's trickier than you might think.

　　The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射)light, bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.

　　But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water.You don't see it—you see the things behind it.

　　To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments, so its tissues won't absorb light.According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.

　　Animals are built of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through.Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果凍狀的)material and spread themselves over it.

　　Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how they're doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear：for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process.When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.

　　文章大意：你見過透明生物嗎？本文介紹了透明的海洋生物。作者為我們介紹了物體之所以不能透明的原理，從而讓我們理解沒有什么器官組織的透明生物能夠保持透明的奇特性。

　　1．According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals________.

　　A．stay in groups B．can be easily damaged

　　C．a(chǎn)ppear only in deep ocean D．a(chǎn)re beautiful creatures

　　答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第三句Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.可知，透明生物非常脆弱，輕輕的觸碰都可能使其致命，故選B項。

　　2．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means________.

　　A．silently B．gradually

　　C．regularly D．completely

　　答案：D　詞義猜測題。文中畫線詞所在句的句意為：其他的物質(zhì)吸收光線，完全阻擋光的傳播途徑。由后面一句中的look different fromother objects around it以及you can see it easily可知，物體不能透明是因為散射光線和吸收光線，光線被完全吸收時變得不透明。由此可以判斷句中的dead是副詞，意為“完全地”。

　　3．One way for an animal to become transparent is to________.

　　A．change the direction of light travel

　　B．gather materials to scatter light

　　C．a(chǎn)void the absorption of light

　　D．grow bigger to stop light

　　答案：C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.可知，動物要想變透明就需要阻止身體吸收或散射光線，故C項是變透明的一個方法。

　　4．The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals ________.

　　A．move more slowly in deep water

　　B．stay see-through even after death

　　C．produce more tissues for their survival

　　D．take effective action to reduce light spreading

　　答案：D　推理判斷題。文章最后一段第一句說較大的透明動物面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn)，因為它們必須盡可能讓所有身體組織像水一樣降低光線傳播的速度。故選D項。

　　(二)由解釋，猜詞義

　　(2024·湖北·B)

　　What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isn't a prerequisite for a modern grow-your-own lifestyle.On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles，Loe and her family grow，can (裝罐) and preserve much of the food they consume.

　　Loe is a master food preserver，gardener and canning expert.She also operates a website，where she shares her tips and recipes，with the goal of demonstrating that everyone has the ability to control what's on their plate.

　　Loe initially went to school to become an engineer，but she quickly learned that her enthusiasm was mainly about growing and preparing her own food.“I got into cooking my own food and started growing my own herbs(香草) and foods for that fresh flavor，”she said.Engineer by day，Loe learned cooking at night school.She ultimately purchased a small piece of land with her husband and began growing their own foods.

　　“I teach people how to live farm-fresh without a farm，”Loe said.Through her website Loe emphasizes that “anybody can do this anywhere.”Got an apartment with a balcony (陽臺)？Plant some herbs.A window？Perfect spot for growing.Start with herbs，she recommends，because “they're very forgiving.”Just a little of the herbs “can take your regular cooking to a whole new level，”she added.“I think it's a great place to start.”Then？Try growing something from a seed，she said，like a tomato or some tea.

　　Canning is a natural extension of the planting she does.With every planted food，Loe noted，there's a moment when it's bursting with its absolute peak flavor.“I try and keep it in a time capsule in a canning jar.”Loe said.“Canning for me is about knowing what's in your food，knowing where it comes from.”

　　In addition to being more in touch with the food she's eating，another joy comes from passing this knowledge and this desire for good food to her children：“Influencing them and telling them your opinion on not only being careful what we eat but understanding the_bigger_picture，”she said，“that if we don't take care of the earth，no one will.”

　　文章大意：本文講述了特麗薩·洛和她的家人以身作則，號召大家自種自吃來保護(hù)環(huán)境的事跡。

　　5．The underlined word “prerequisite”(Para.1)is closest in meaning to “________”．

　　A．recipe B．substitute

　　C．requirement D．challenge

　　答案：C　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句可知，特麗薩·洛和她的家人在僅為十分之一英畝的土地上種植，裝罐和保存了他們食用的許多食物，與第一句中大農(nóng)場與現(xiàn)代自種自吃生活方式之間的關(guān)系形成對比，可知自種自吃并不需要大面積的土地。故選C項。

　　6．Why does Loe suggest starting with herbs?

　　A．They are used daily.

　　B．They are easy to grow.

　　C．They can grow very tall.

　　D．They can be eaten uncooked.

　　答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段第七句Start with herbs，she recommends, because “they're very forgiving.”可知，草本植物很好種植。forgiving意為“寬恕的；寬容的；寬大的”。故選B項。

　　7．According to Loe，what is the benefit of canning her planted foods?

　　A．It can preserve their best flavor.

　　B．It can promote her online sales.

　　C．It can better her cooking skills.

　　D．It can improve their nutrition.

　　答案：A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段第二句及第三句可知，洛認(rèn)為每一種種植的食物都有一個味道達(dá)到頂峰的時刻，罐裝能將這一時刻保留。故選A項。

　　8．What is the “the bigger picture”(Para.6) that Loe wishes her children to understand?

　　A．The knowledge about good food.

　　B．The way to live a grow-our-own life.

　　C．The joy of getting in touch with foods.

　　D．The responsibility to protect our earth.

　　答案：D　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句可知．..that if we don't take care of the earth，no one will.為同位語從句解釋說明the bigger picture的內(nèi)容，即我們要關(guān)注地球，保護(hù)地球是我們的責(zé)任。故選D項。

　　(三)指代詞，猜詞義

　　(2024·重慶·D)

　　There are many places to go on safari (觀賞野生動物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana's Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world's most exciting wildlife journeys.

　　Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.

　　The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.

　　In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the sun's rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life.

　　Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.

　　文章大意：本文介紹了非洲觀賞野生動物的野營項目，在這個項目中，不同時間段你可以享受到不同的美景與驚喜。

　　9．What does the underlined word “They” refer to?

　　A．Flooded waters. B．Wildlife journeys.

　　C．Safari camps. D．Unique rides.

　　答案：C　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文中第二段中The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers. They

　　have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.可知此處They指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞camps，故選C項。

　　10．What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari?

　　A．Seeing and feeling the real African life.

　　B．Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.

　　C．Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.

　　D．Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.

　　答案：D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中第三段第三句With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face...和最后一句可知選D項。

　　11．What does the underlined word “Sedate” probably mean?

　　A．Wild and romantic.

　　B．Slow and peaceful.

　　C．Hungry and thirsty.

　　D．Active and excited.

　　答案：B　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文中第四段的主旨句In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace...可知此處選B項。

　　12．The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by ______.

　　A．following space order B．following time order

　　C．making classifications D．giving examples

　　答案：B　推理判斷題。此題考查文章結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)文中第三段中的The morning ride和第四段中的In the evening以及末段中的Back at the camp可知本文是根據(jù)時間順序來展開的。故選B項。

　　(四)由常識，猜詞義

　　(2024·湖北棗陽統(tǒng)考)

　　For foreigners, entering a public toilet in China can be a horrifying experience. In the 1990s, a third of all complaints to tourism officials in Beijing concerned the design, and the bad smell of public toilets.

　　China has battled smelly toilets for at least 2,000 years. In the Kingdom of Wei (220—266 A. D. ), visitors to the palace bathrooms would find boxes to cover their nose and ward_off unpleasant smells. Both flushing (沖水) toilets and toilet paper were invented in China, however, only for the use of the emperor.

　　Today Chinese scientists have claimed victory in their battle to improve public restrooms, introducing a bacterial spray that can almost get rid of all the bad smell. First, a set of six types of bacteria work to break down the smelly compounds and then a perfume made from orange skin lightly scents (使芳香) the air. The “smell-free toilet” study from the Chinese Academy of Science was declared the “ultimate” cure to an_“urgent”_national_issue.

　　“Five scientists have worked on this from 2011

　　to the beginning of this year，” said Dr. Yan Zhiying, a bacteriologist with the academy's Chengdu Institute of Biology, adding that they had spent ￡140,000 on the project.

　　“Some local government officials here visited a sewage (污水) plant and saw that the treatment technology had come from Japan. They wanted a home-grown solution so they asked us to work on it，” he added. “We obtained bacteria from all types of waste from humans, pigs, chicken and ducks, and we tested our compounds one by one，” he said.

　　“The smells coming out of public toilets, or trash cans, are made up of more than 160 different compounds，” he explained, adding that their bacteria spray can change and absorb many of them.

　　He boasted that the Chinese formula (配方), which costs only around ￡5 per liter, has no side effects and can be used to remove any bad smell.

　　文章大意：這是一篇說明文，介紹的是中科院成都生物研究所發(fā)明了一種細(xì)菌噴灑劑，能夠除去各種異味。

　　13．The underlined words “ward off” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by ________.

　　A．keep out B．take out

　　C．give out D．come out

　　答案：A　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前的find boxes to cover their noses可知用盒子把鼻子蓋住是為了擋住難聞的氣味。keep out意為“阻止……進(jìn)入”，符合語境。take out意為“拿出”，give out意為“分發(fā)；發(fā)出”，come out意為“出版；被揭曉”，均不符合語境。

　　14．The underlined phrase “an ‘urgent’ national issue” refers to ________.

　　A．the treatment of sewage

　　B．a(chǎn) horrifying experience

　　C．the bad smell of public toilets

　　D．the 160 smelly compounds

　　答案：C　詞義猜測題。全文的焦點是中國公廁的臭味難聞，現(xiàn)在中科院正針對這個問題進(jìn)行研究，顯然這個全國性的緊急問題就是廁所的臭味。故選C項。

　　15．Which has not been mentioned as an advantage of the bacteria spray?

　　A．Low price. B．No side effects.

　　C．Removing bad smells. D．Beautiful design.

　　答案：D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章最后一段He boasted that the Chinese formula, which costs only around ￡5 per liter, has no side effects and can be used to remove any bad smell. 可知，這個除味噴劑的優(yōu)點有：價格低、沒有副作用、可去除臭味。文中沒有提到D項(設(shè)計美觀)。故選D項。