第四部分 任務(wù)型閱讀

　　任務(wù)型閱讀閱讀量較大，但閱讀難度適中，一般原詞與推理、歸納詞的比例是5∶5。2024年能在文中找到原詞的共5題，需要對原文詞性、詞形變換的共1題，歸納總結(jié)得出答案的共4題。2024年推理、歸納題考查比例較大，共6題。能在原文中找到原詞和需要對原文詞性、詞形變換的各2題。2024年有7題可在原文中找到原詞或相對應(yīng)的詞形、詞性。

　　任務(wù)型閱讀將會繼續(xù)在江蘇高考試題中占有較大比重，考題形式還是主要以表格形和樹狀形為主，文章體裁主要以議論文為主，閱讀量大，要求考生具有捕捉信息、組織信息和綜合概括信息的能力。

　　(一)

　　(2024·江蘇)

　　People select news in expectation of a reward.This reward may be either of two kinds.One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle，the other to what he calls the Reality Principle.For want of better names，we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward.

　　In general，the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption，accidents and disasters，sports，social events，and human interest.Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs，economic matters，social problems，science，education，and health.

　　News of the first kind pays its rewards at once.A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder，shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane，identify himself with the winning team，laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.

　　News of the second kind，however，pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance—as，for example，when he reads of the threatening foreign situation，the mounting national debt，rising taxes，falling market，scarce housing，and cancer.It has a kind of “threat value”．It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.When a reader selects delayed reward news，he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind，he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.

　　For any individual，of course，the boundaries of these two classes are not stable.For example，a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem，rather than for its immediate reward.A coach may read a sports story for its threat value：he may have to play that team next week.A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting，not for its delayed reward，but very much as his wife reads an account of a party.In any given story of corruption or disaster，a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience，but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness.Therefore，while the division of categories holds in general，an individual’s tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another，or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.

　　What news stories do you read？

　　Division of news stories ?People expect to get 71.________ from reading news.

　　?News stories are roughly divided into two classes.

　　?Some news will excite their readers instantly while others won’t.

　　72.________ of the two classes

　　?News of immediate reward will seemingly take their readers to the very frightening scene without actual 73.________.

　　?Readers will associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and 74.________ similar feelings with those involved.

　　?News of delayed reward will make readers suffer，or present a 75.________ to them.

　　?News of delayed reward will induce the reader to 76.________ for the reality while news of immediate reward will lead the reader to 77.________ from the reality.

　　Unstable boundaries of the two classes ?What readers expect from news stories are largely shaped by their 78.________.

　　?Serious readers will both get excited over what happens in some news stories and 79.________ themselves to the reality.

　　?Thus，the division，on the whole，80.________ on the reader.

　　(二)

　　(2024·江蘇)

　　The expression，“everybody’s doing it，” is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure.It is a strong influence of a group，especially of children，on members of that group to behave as everybody else does.It can be positive or negative.Most people experience it in some way during their lives.

　　People are social creatures by nature，and so it is hardly surprising that part of their self-respect comes from the approval of others.This instinct(天性) is why the approval of peers，or the fear of disapproval，is such a powerful force in many people’s lives.It is the same instinct that drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work，or to answer “fine” when a stranger asks “how are you？” even if it is not necessarily true.There is a practical aspect to this：it helps society to function efficiently，and encourages a general level of self-discipline that simplifies day-to-day interaction.

　　For certain individuals，seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction；in order to satisfy the desire，they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong.Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs，or join

　　gangs that encourage criminal behavior.Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work，or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to “keep up with the Joneses.”

　　However，peer pressure is not always negative.A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades.Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win.This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs，or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one.Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves.

　　Schools try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure.They teach kids to stand up and be themselves，and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong.Similarly，it can be helpful to encourage children to greet the beneficial influence of positive peer groups.

　　(三)

　　(2024·江蘇)

　　Quiet Virtue：The Conscientious

　　The everyday signs of conscientiousness(認(rèn)真盡責(zé))—being punctual，careful in doing work，self-disciplined，and scrupulous(一絲不茍的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen，the people who keep things running as they should.They follow the rules，help out，and are concerned about the people they work with.It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence，who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves，who always gets things done on deadline.

　　Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.In studies of job performance，outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs，from semi-skilled labor to sales and management，depends on conscientiousness.It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization：the secretary whose message taking is perfect，the delivery truck driver who is always on time.

　　Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer，those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer(緩沖)against

　　the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market，because employees with this quality are among the most valued.For the sales representatives，their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

　　There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are.Their reputation for dependability influences managers’ evaluations of their work，giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.

　　But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems.Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves，they can hold other people to their own standards，and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior.Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious，for example，tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized，which damaged their relationships.

　　When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations，it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising，openness to wild ideas and spontaneity(自發(fā)性)are scarce and in demand.Success in such occupations calls for a balance，however；without enough conscientiousness to follow through，people become mere dreamers，with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

　　一、任務(wù)型閱讀的解題步驟

　　1．略讀。快速瀏覽全文，理清文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)，了解文章的框架及每段大意。

　　2．掃讀。掃讀圖表，分析表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，準(zhǔn)確定位填空的要求，以便帶著問題尋找答案。

　　3．細(xì)讀。深入理解文章內(nèi)容，分析整合信息，準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。歸納概括，轉(zhuǎn)換信息正確表述。

　　4．復(fù)查。通觀全篇，復(fù)讀檢查。

　　二、復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意培養(yǎng)解題能力

　　1．培養(yǎng)詞形轉(zhuǎn)換能力，如：用所給詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空。

　　(1)The car rushed down the road at astonishing speed.(astonish)

　　(2)The postal service here is very unreliable.(serve)

　　(3)The exam was relatively easy.(relative)

　　常見的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換有：

　　說明 舉例

　　動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，這類動詞變?yōu)槊~后，常跟have，make，take等詞搭配表示一個動作 have a look(talk，wash，swim，rest，dream，laugh，ride，dance，interview，etc.)

　　make a study(guess，visit，call，change，answer，reply，promise，request，etc.)

　　take a seat(drive，look，bath，etc.)

　　表具體實(shí)物的名詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 a drop of water(水)，water the flowers(澆)；a map of Europe(地圖)，map the South Pole(繪制地圖)；a bicycle chain(鏈條)，chain a boat to a tree(拴住)

　　表身體部位或某類人的名詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 The stone hit him on the head.(頭)

　　Head straight for the factory.(朝向)

　　The nurse on duty is nursing the patient.(護(hù)理)

　　表抽象概念的名詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 Time is a bird for ever on the wing.(時間)

　　Take a deep breath and I’ll time you.(計(jì)時)

　　有些形容詞可作動詞用 Your watch is five minutes slow.(慢的)

　　Slow down your car in the crowded streets.(放慢)

　　Let’s sit in the shade and get cool.(涼爽的)

　　Open the windows to cool the room.(使涼爽)

　　2.培養(yǎng)英語釋義與概括能力，如：根據(jù)提示用意義相同的詞完成各句，每空一詞。

　　(1)The boy felt uncomfortable with his new classmates.(not comfortable)

　　(2)If you ignore your diet，trouble will follow.(pay no attention to)

　　(3)At any rate，the medical supplies will reach you within a week.(things such as food，medicines，etc.that are needed by a group of people)

　　3．培養(yǎng)逆向思維能力。如：根據(jù)提示用意義相反的詞完成各句，每空一詞。

　　(1)I am unable to cycle to school because my bicycle is broken.(able)

　　(2)There has been a steady decrease in population in this city.(increase)

　　(3)The rough road made the car vibrate.(smooth)

　　4．培養(yǎng)語篇結(jié)構(gòu)解讀能力。

　　如：利用完形填空和閱讀理解的文章，在閱讀后，寫出文章主題，段落大意，自己動手繪制語篇結(jié)構(gòu)圖，以增強(qiáng)語篇結(jié)構(gòu)解讀的能力。

　　三、復(fù)習(xí)建議

　　學(xué)生在做任務(wù)型閱讀時常遇到的困難是：難以理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)與圖表；難以用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞的適當(dāng)形式填空；不會概括；方法不當(dāng)，信心不足等等。因此，在備考復(fù)習(xí)時要有的放矢地進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，特別要在以下幾個方面注意積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　1．學(xué)會查讀

　　(1)帶著問題有意識地在細(xì)節(jié)處和關(guān)鍵處做標(biāo)記；

　　(2)留意最醒目的字眼(time，age，number，place...)；

　　(3)依據(jù)信息詞搜索所需要的內(nèi)容。如：

　　①5W＋H：who，what，when，where，why，how；

　　②時間先后：first，then，after that，next，finally；

　　③因果：because，thus，lead to，caused by，as a result of；

　　④比較：similarly，differently，like，unlike，but，while，however，instead，on the contrary。

　　2．學(xué)會組織、表述信息

　　(1)用名詞所有格代替of。如：

　　the citizens’ longer living代替the longer living of the citizens

　　(2)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

　　原文：Taking a gap year and going to university offer valuable experience in similar ways...

　　轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Similarities between taking a gap year and going to university...

　　(3)句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

　　原文：One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unit；the other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nation’s workforce.

　　轉(zhuǎn)換成三個詞以內(nèi)的名詞短語：family unit change；workforce proportion change

　　(注意抓住句子中傳達(dá)主要信息的關(guān)鍵詞)

　　(4)另選其他詞來釋義。如：

　　原文：...The ministry warned that thefts and robberies inside or near banks rose rapidly，with the victims mostly women and elderly people...It advised people not to take large amount of cash while traveling，especially during the approaching Spring Festival season，which always witnesses a large number of crimes.

　　轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Theft and robbery accounted for 80%；women and elderly people were mostly targeted for；people were advised to avoid taking a large amount of cash.

　　3．學(xué)會歸納、概括

　　原文第一段：By the end of this decade，more than half of the world’s population will live in cities.Urbanization brings many problems to almost every country in the world，among which energy is one of the most serious one.

　　概括成題目：Title：Urbanization and Development

　　復(fù)習(xí)時注意積累一些概括性的詞匯，它們的特征是：(1)概括性，在最大限度上覆蓋欄內(nèi)信息；(2)針對性，不能太大也不能太小，量體裁衣，大小適度；(3)醒目性，注意措詞。如：reason(s)，cause(s)，result(s)，effect(s)，consequence(s)，advice，suggestion(s)，opinion(s)，problem(s)，measure(s)，solution(s)，way(s)，form(s)，feature(s)，characteristics，type(s)，advantage(s)，disadvantage(s)，difference(s)，similarities，name(s)，age，time，costs，event(s)，purpose(s)等。

　　提醒：完成作業(yè)　強(qiáng)化練(二十三)(二十四)

　　二輪專題強(qiáng)化練

　　強(qiáng)化練(二十三)強(qiáng)化練(二十三)　任務(wù)型閱讀(1)

　　(建議用時：13分鐘/篇)

　　[1]

　　(2024·南京市高三三模)

　　The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previously thought，a report suggests.The Sutton Trust study says children’s early attachment to parents has far-reaching consequences for their ability to speak，learn and think.Parents who are insecure themselves find it harder to provide children with security，it says.And the report calls for more help so parents can develop such crucial bonds.The study focuses on the application of the theory of attachment—a key theory in children’s development and psychology.This says the degree to which children are secure and resilient as they grow up depends on their own early experiences with their mothers and fathers and how they have bonded.