2010中考英語總復習8動詞
2010中考英語總復習8動詞
八、 動 詞
? (一) 知識概要
?動詞在語言中是必不可少的一部分。它的語法現象也較多，但在初中范圍主要有以下幾方面問題。① 時態：初中范圍主要有一般現在時，一般過去時，現在完成時，過去完成時，將來時與過去將來時六種時態。② 語態：主動語態與被動語態。③ 助動詞和情態動詞。④ 非謂語動詞，也就是不定式，動名詞及現在分詞的用法。?時態主要掌握以下幾種時態的應用要點和習慣用法。
?1? 一般現在時：主要有以下三方面，① 用來表示狀態，特征或不受時間限制的客觀存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states物質有三態。又如：The earth moves around the sun? ?② 表?示習慣性和經常發生的動作，如：I often go to bed at 9∶３０? ③ 在時間、條件等狀語從句中表示將來要發生的動作，如：As soon as I get there I'll telephone you.
?2? 一般過去時：① 主要用于表達過去時間內發生的動作或存在的狀態，如：I was ill last week? ② 過去經常發生的動作或習慣性動作，如：I used to get up at six.
? 3? 一般將來時：用于表示將要發生的動作，其構成方式① 用ｗill (shall)+動詞原形來表達將來在某一時間內要發生，或經常、將要發生的動作或狀態，如：School will begin on Sepember 1st? ② 用be going to+動詞原形，用來表示不久將要發生或打算去作的動作。如：?I'm? going to swim this afternoon? ③ be+現在分詞，也就是用某些動詞的現在進行時表示將來，如：?I'm? coming。這些動詞只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等動詞。④ 在狀語從句中用一般現在時表示將來。
?4? 現在進行時：用于表示現在正在進行的動作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示狀態，情感的某些詞沒有現在進行時，這些動詞有：like, have (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect
?5? 過去將來時：用來表達從過去某時間點上看將要發生的動作，如： He told me he would come to my party?
?6? 現在完成時與過去完成時：現在完成時的兩個用處是：① 用來表達在過去開始的動作持續到現在，如：I've studied English for two years? ② 用來表達過去發生的事但它影響到現在，如：I haven't had my breakfast. so I'm hungry now? 現在完成時與過去完成時的區別在于動作的截止時間，現在完成時所表達的動作截止于現在，而過去完成時所表達的動作截止于過去。如：I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time? 我好久未見到我過去的老師了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句話，則將變為過去完成時，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadn't seen him for a long time. 因為我好久未見他這一情況截止于昨天。還要注意的一個問題是截止性動詞可以有完成時，但不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，如：When I got to school, the class had begun? 如果一定要講開始幾分鐘了則要換用表示狀態，或延續性動詞，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes??語態：英語中只有主動語態與被動語態之分。主動語態，句子中的主語是動作的執行者，如：I broke the window? 而被動語態句子中的主語是主動語態句子中的賓語，如：The window was broken by me? 被動語態主要用于，動作的執行者不明確，或沒有必要說出來，如：The New building was built last week? 關鍵要注意的是在主動語態中有省略不定式符號to的動詞，在被動語態要還原，如： 主動語態 I saw him come in.?被動語態 He was seen to come in. ?助動詞和情態動詞：助動詞本身沒有詞義，它只不過與實義動詞一起構成謂語動詞，形成了時態、語態、構成了疑問句，否定句，以及用來加強語氣。而情態動詞則表達一種可能、必要、允許、愿望、猜測的意圖、傾向。也用來表示語氣的委婉和祝愿。初中階段主要有：can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。?最后要談論的是非謂語動詞，非謂語動詞分為不定式，和動詞的ing形式，(即現在分詞和動名詞)。雖然在初中范圍，這一項不是語法重點，但還是要花一定時間去學習，為的是打下良好的基礎。為進一步學習提供良好的條件。不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語。如：To see is to believe.(百聞不如一見) He want to see a film? 還可以作補足語，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作狀語，如：I come here to learn English.?動名詞也可以起到上述作用，如：Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而現在分詞多用于作定語、補足語、狀語，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定語) Did you notice his hand shaking?(賓語補足語)
Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(狀語)
(二) 正誤辨析
? ［誤］ She laid down and soon fell asleep.
? ［正］ She lay down and soon fell asleep.
? ［析］ 考試中常出現的是易混動詞lay放，lie躺，lie說謊。它們的過去時、過去分詞和現在分詞變化如下：
? lay (放) laid， laid， laying (及物動詞)
? lie (躺) lay， lain， lying (不及物動詞)
? lie (說謊) lied， lied， lying
? ［誤］ Please rise your hand.
? ［正］ Please raise your hand.
? ［析］ rise 是不及物動詞，其后不能接賓語，如：The sun rises in the east.而raise是及物動詞。
? ［誤］ I like to swim very much, but I don't like swimming this afternoon.
? ［正］ I like swimming very much, but I don't like to swim this afternoon.
? ［析］ like作為喜歡講時，可以接動名詞也可以接不定式，但接動名詞時多表達一種習慣性動作。而接不定式則側重于表達一次性、特殊性的動作。? 但要注意的是like 與would連用時則一定要接不定式，如：Would you like to go with me?? 再有一點要注意的是，like作為介詞像講時，只能用分詞作其賓語。
? ［誤］ Stop! Did you listen to a strange voice?
? ［正］ Stop! Did you hear a strange voice?
? ［析］ hear的側重點是聽到、聽見什么，而listen to 的側重點為聽的傾向，如：listen! Do you hear someone calling help?這樣的詞還有look與see。它們的側重點也不同，look重于看的傾向，而see重于看見沒看見。
? ［誤］ Did you watch some film recently?
? ［正］ Did you see some film recently?
? ［析］ 英語中see 與 watch 各有不同的用處，see用于看電影、劇目，而watch用作看電視和看球賽。
? ［誤］ Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling.
? ［正］ Look. A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling.
? ［析］ hang有兩個含義，① 掛，它的過去時與過去分詞是hung， hung;② 絞刑，這時它是規則動詞，其過去式與過去分詞則為hanged， hanged。
? ［誤］ How long can I borrow this book?
? ［正］ How long can I keep this book?
? ［析］ 借在英文中有三個詞，① 借入，即borrow,如：May I borrow some books from the library?② 借出，如：I can lend my bike to you.③ 借多久要用keep, 因為borrow與lend都是截止性動詞，而keep是延續性動詞。如 How long can I keep it?
? ［誤］ We have won your class.
? ［正］ We have beaten your class.
? ［析］ win是及物動詞，其后面的賓語應是比賽、戰爭、獎品、獎金。而beat的賓語，應是人、隊、班級等等，如：We won the game.
? ［誤］ I left my key.
? ［正］ I forgot my key.
? ［正］ I left my key at home.
? ［析］ leave是丟下，其后一定要接地點狀語，而forget其后不要接地點狀語。
? ［誤］ Oh! It's raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you.
? ［正］ Oh! It's raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you.
? ［析］ bring為帶來如：Next time bring your little sister here.而take為帶走，fetch為去某處取什么回來，如：Please fetch some coffee for us?? 要熟記的是在初中課文中與take有關的詞組，如：? take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下?take off 脫下 takeout 拿出 take place 發生? take hold of 拿住 take part in 參加 take a seat 坐下?take one's place 替代 take a look 看看 take one's turn 輪流? take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 別著急?take one's time 慢慢來 take one's temperature 測量體溫
? ［誤］ The policeman reached his gun.
? ［正］ The policeman reached for his gun.
? ［析］ reach作到達講時是及物動詞，如：I reached the hotel at 8∶30?但作伸手去拿，則要用reach for something。作為到達講時還有arrive (in+大地方)(at＋較小的地方)和get to.要注意的是與get有關的詞組有：? get back 回來 get in 收割 get into 進入 get off 下車? get on 上車 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到達? get ready for=be ready for ? get on well with 與人相處融洽? get 加比較級為變得如何，例如：? get colder and colder.
? ［誤］ This dictionary spent me five dollars.
? ［正］ This dictionary cost me five dollars.
? ［析］ 英文中的花費有4個spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中spend 與pay所在句中的主語應為人，如：I spent two hours in doing my homework. I paid five dallars for the book.而cost與take的主語則是事物，如：It takes me two years to finish this book.
? ［誤］ In summer I always sleep with the windows opened.
? ［正］ In summer I always sleep with the windows open.
? ［正］ I always sleep with the windows closed.
? ［析］ 要注意open是動詞也是形容詞，而close則要用其過去分詞作形容詞。?
［誤］ Please wait a minute. I'm having on my clothes.
? ［正］ Please wait a minute. I'm putting on my clothes.
? ［析］ 英語中的穿衣服要分狀態，是什么樣的穿著打扮，還是穿衣服的動作兩類動詞。表示穿著狀態的詞有have on, wear,在用法上have on不宜用進行時態，它多用一般時態，如：She has on a new school dress. 而wear則多用進行時來表示狀態，如：She is wearing a new sweater.在表示動作的詞中put on是常用的一詞。dress用作動詞當穿衣講時其后賓語不應接衣物，而要接人，如：My children were very young they couldn't dress themselves.在表示穿著狀態時用其過去分詞當形容詞，如：He is dressed in white.
? ［誤］ My computer can't begin. Could you find someone to help me?
? ［正］ My computer can't start. Could you find someone to help me?
? ［析］ begin與start均可指開始，而且常常可以互換，如：School begins (starts) at 8 a. m. 但是在兩種情況下不宜用begin 而要用start, ① 當作機器開動、發動講，如：My car can't start. There must be something wrong with it.② 作為旅途開始講，如：We should have to start early. There was a lot of traffic on the road.
? ［誤］ I'm very glad because I have founded my lost key.
? ［正］ I'm very glad because I have found my lost key.
? ［析］ find是不規則動詞，它的過去式和過去分詞是found, found，而found又是另外一詞建立，它是規則動詞，其過去式與過去分詞是founded founded, 如：The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
? ［誤］ Please. Let's speak in English.
? ［正］ Please. Let's speak English.
? ［正］ Please. Let's talk in English.
? ［誤］ Can you speak it English?
? ［正］ Can you say it in English?
? ［析］ 英文中說有4個常用詞say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物動詞有speak和talk，如：I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而speak其后接語言時是及物動詞，其他情況是不及物動詞。say 與tell是及物動詞，其中tell常用雙賓語，如：Tell us a story.但用于講實話或謊話時也用單賓語。如： Tell the truth.
? ［誤］ Can you say Japanese from Chinese?
? ［正］ Can you tell Japanese from Chinese?
? ［析］ tellfrom為固定詞組，即分辨兩者的不同。
? ［誤］ Excuse me, did I step on your foot?
? ［正］ Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot?
? ［析］ excuse me用于未打擾對方前，以提醒對方注意的用語，而sorry則是由于自己已做的事向對方道歉。
? ［誤］ Would you care for to swim with us?
? ［正］ Would you care to swim with us?
? ［析］ care for 后接不定式時，要省略for,或換用名詞，如：Would you care for a cup of tea. care for 作照顧講時與look after相同。在初中階段學習與for有關的詞組有：
? ask for 請求 call for 接人，請人 care for 關心?
go in for 從事 answer for 負責 look for 尋找
?wait for 等待 send for 請人 pay for 付款?
search for 尋找 leave for 去某地 prepare for 準備?
thank somebody for something 為某事向某人道謝。
? ［誤］ Are you understanding it? Yes, I got to it.
? ［正］ Do you understand it? Yes, I got it.
? ［析］ understand這一詞沒有進行時態，如同感觀動詞love、hate I got it 是美語，即I understood it。要記住get 作為到達講時是不及物動詞，如：I'll get to the school at 8 a. m.? 初中范圍常用與to有關的動詞詞組如下：? belong to 屬于 come to 蘇醒 point to (at) 指著?get to 到達 refer to 談到 stick to 堅持?lead to 導致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望?agree to 同意
? ［誤］ The meat has gone badly.
? ［正］ The meat has gone bad.
? ［析］ 英語中go, get, become, turn作為轉變時，其后接形容詞，這時這些動詞應被看作系動詞。
? ［誤］ The teacher said the earth moved around the sun.
? ［正］ The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.
? ［析］ 如果主句的謂語動詞是現在時，其賓語從句可以是任何時態。如果是過去時，則賓語從句中的時態應與之呼應。但地球圍繞太陽轉是不隨時間而變化的客觀事實，所以還應用一般現在時態來表達。
? ［誤］ I'll come to see you as soon as I'll be back.
? ［正］ I'll come to see you as soon as I am back.
? ［析］ 在狀語從句中要用一般時來表示將來，如：I should tell him when he came back.
? ［誤］ I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not.
? ［正］ I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not.
? ［析］ 在賓語從句中則要用將來時表示將來的動作。要注意的是如果賓語從句中仍有狀語從句時，依然要用一般現在時表示將來，如：I want to know if it rains tomorrow you'll come here or not.
? ［誤］ What did you do at eight last night?
? ［正］ What were you doing at eight last night?
? ［析］ 在描述過去某一具體時刻的動作或從某時到某時一段時間內正在進行的動作要用過去進行時，如：I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday?
? ［誤］ My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didn't go with them, because I have seen it before.
? ［正］ My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didn't go with them because I had seen it before.
? ［析］ 現在完成時與過去完成時的相同之處是其動作均開始于過去的某一點，它的差別在于該動作是截止到什么時候。如動作截止到現在用現在完成時；如動作截止到過去，用過去完成時。例如：I've learnt English for three years.(到現在為止)又如：Before I went to college, I had learnt English for three years. (動作截止到上大學那時，即截止于過去)
? ［誤］ I'm feeling well now.
? ［正］ I feel well now.
? ［析］ 瞬間動詞有些無進行時態，它們是：?表示思維狀態的詞：believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want? 表示感情的動詞：care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear? 表示狀態的詞：belong, own? 感觀動詞： feel, hear, see， smell, taste
? ［誤］ When have you done this work?
? ［正］ When did you do this work?
? ［析］ when提問的是一個時間點不可用于完成時態的問句中。
? ［誤］ This is our new English teacher. He has gone to many foreign countries.
? ［正］ This is our new English teacher. He has been to many foreign countries.
? ［析］ have gone to 是到某地去了，此人現在不在這里。have been to 是到過某地，現在此人在說話現場。
? ［誤］ I have borrowed this book for two weeks.
? ［正］ I have kept this book for two weeks.
? ［析］ 截止性動詞有完成時態，但不可和與表達一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：When I got to the cinema the film had begun.? 但要講When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 這樣的用法還有buy, join, die, 如：I bought this book yesterday.我昨天買的這本書。? I have had this book for two days. 這本書我已買了兩天了。
? I joined the club two years ago.兩年前我加入了這個俱樂部。
? I have been in this club for two years. 我加入這個俱樂部已兩年了。
? My father died five years ago. 我父親是5年前去世的。
? My father has been dead for five years. 我父親已去世5年了。
? ［誤］ Have you understood the lessons?
