文章的結(jié)構(gòu)好似人骨架09年高考英語(yǔ)作文構(gòu)思法
寫作是高考英語(yǔ)中令很多考生感到十分苦惱的一個(gè)題型,也是一個(gè)失分率很高的題型。很多考生在寫作時(shí)面臨兩個(gè)主要的困境:
1、在高考時(shí)緊張的心理狀態(tài)下以及短暫的構(gòu)思時(shí)間中,很多考生針對(duì)題目中給出的話題可能在腦中浮現(xiàn)出一些觀點(diǎn),但仍然感到無從下手,不知道如何把這些觀點(diǎn)按照一定的結(jié)構(gòu)組織起來,使其不再是一個(gè)個(gè)的觀點(diǎn),而是一套觀點(diǎn)。
2、很多考生的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)功底不夠深,總是用過于簡(jiǎn)單化的句子甚至是中式的句子來表達(dá)自己的意思,這樣導(dǎo)致在語(yǔ)言上沒有亮點(diǎn),甚至還有很多語(yǔ)法等方面的錯(cuò)誤。
高考寫作評(píng)分要求中,對(duì)20-25分這一檔的文章有一條是:應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯。語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤,但為盡量使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致。由此可見,較為高級(jí)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)是寫作時(shí)的一個(gè)亮點(diǎn),這也就意味著考生需要挖空心思地使用一些有一定難度的句型、短語(yǔ)等,以此來表現(xiàn)自己的英語(yǔ)實(shí)力。
由于篇幅的限制,本文主要討論一下高考作文應(yīng)該如何去構(gòu)思。
首先大家應(yīng)該了解的就是高考寫作的結(jié)構(gòu)。一篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)就相當(dāng)于人的骨架。人的外形可以長(zhǎng)得千奇百怪,但有一點(diǎn)必然是一樣的,那就是每個(gè)人的骨架。有些畸形人之所以被視為畸形,就在于骨架跟正常人不一樣。高考作文也同樣如此,不同人寫的文章在遣詞造句等方面很可能是不同的,但作為一篇經(jīng)典的地道的英文議論文,其結(jié)構(gòu)必然是一樣的。高考作文作為一篇120-150words的議論文,可以用三段十到十二句話來搞定。
在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一段是引言段,其作用在于引出文章所要討論的話題以及全文的中心句。以2006年上海高考作文為例,其題目要求是針對(duì)自己心儀的兩所大學(xué)(南方大學(xué)和北方大學(xué)),通過比較做出選擇,并說明理由。這個(gè)文章,很顯然,其話題(topic)就是關(guān)于選擇南方大學(xué)和北方大學(xué)的事情,而中心句必然就是我的選擇的是什么。明白了這一點(diǎn),本文就很容易開頭了,比如可以這么寫: Whether to go to the north for college or to enter a southern university has become a practical and significant issue facing the Senior Three students in Shanghai. As for me, after some careful consideration, I have decided to stay in the south for the coming four years university life.
這個(gè)開頭一開始就提出了到底選擇哪個(gè)大學(xué)的問題,接著又提出了自己的選擇是什么。此處特別需要大家注意的是用詞的多樣化,注意避免重復(fù)。比如去南方/北方讀大學(xué)這個(gè)表達(dá)在文章中沒有重復(fù)過,分別使用了go to the north for college, enter a southern university, stay in the south for the coming four years university life.
再比如2007年高考題也可以如此開頭。2007年高考題目是:以禮物為主題寫一篇文章,該文章必須包括以下內(nèi)容:1、你送禮物的對(duì)象以及所送的禮物。2、該禮物對(duì)他(她)可能產(chǎn)生的影響或帶來的變化。
很多考生看到這個(gè)話題的時(shí)候就想象這個(gè)題目是不是在考一個(gè)記敘文,并且在看到題目的那一瞬間就開始構(gòu)思一個(gè)故事。這種思維是不正確的,會(huì)導(dǎo)致考生無從下手,甚至出現(xiàn)跑題現(xiàn)象。事實(shí)上,這還是一篇議論文,其中心就是分析一下禮物對(duì)一個(gè)人的影響。所以在文章的開頭首先應(yīng)該引出禮物這個(gè)話題,比如可以這么寫:It is universally acknowledged that a good present is of great value to a person and even prone to change his or her life. As for me, one of the most meaningful presents I have given to others is a watch which had been given to Tom, one of my best friends. 此處第(1)個(gè)句子引出了禮物這個(gè)話題,并且契合文章的主題,即禮物對(duì)一個(gè)人有著重要意義甚至改變一個(gè)人的生活。第(2)句話則引出了中心句,即禮物是什么,給了誰(shuí)。其中,黑體字部分是比較出彩的句型或短語(yǔ)。
接下來要進(jìn)行第二段也就是主體段落的寫作。主體段一般先寫一個(gè)過渡句,起到承上啟下的作用(有時(shí)候過渡句也可以省略)。然后再寫兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn),而每個(gè)分論點(diǎn)之后一般都有兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)論證,細(xì)節(jié)論證可以是作為論據(jù)支撐分論點(diǎn),也可以是對(duì)分論點(diǎn)的進(jìn)一步的闡釋。本文就以2007年高考作文為例解釋一下主體段落的寫作技巧。
在正式寫作之前,首先需要列一個(gè)提綱,知道自己將要寫什么。比如一塊手表給一個(gè)朋友帶來的影響可以有兩個(gè)方面:一、這個(gè)朋友以前沒有什么時(shí)間觀念,有了這塊表之后他可能會(huì)更加關(guān)注時(shí)間觀念,做事情更加準(zhǔn)時(shí)。二、這個(gè)朋友曾告訴你離開高中后很可能會(huì)十分想念高中的朋友,有了這塊表,可以使他不那么孤單。
首先做一個(gè)過渡:I wish that the present will bring him a number of influences.
接著寫第一個(gè)論點(diǎn)及其細(xì)節(jié)論證:First, hopefully, with the watch, he will pay more attention to punctuality, which is an important merit of a person. In the past, diligent and warm-hearted as he was, he sometimes had no sense of time, which caused him to be late for many things and led to some trouble in work. In the future, the watch will always remind him of the time so that he will be able to do everything on time.
再寫第二個(gè)論點(diǎn)及其細(xì)節(jié)論證:Whats more, I hope this watch will bring happy memories to him in the future. He used to tell me that he might feel lonely in the future after leaving high school and entering a completely new environment. The gift will surely bring him back to the good old days we gaily spent together and make him feel better when he misses the old friends in high school.
最后的總結(jié)一般用一句話即可,可以是對(duì)全文觀點(diǎn)的歸納,也可以順帶提出自己的一個(gè)建議或者希望。但是建議或者希望的內(nèi)容一定要簡(jiǎn)潔,否則就被視為跑題。
比如2007年高考作文的結(jié)尾就可以寫為: I do wish that Tom will like this present, which will bring him a profound influence and motivate him to fight for a better future.
另外如果文章討論的是一些具有負(fù)面影響的問題,也可以在結(jié)尾時(shí)順帶提一下如何解決這個(gè)問題,比如關(guān)于代溝產(chǎn)生的原因的話題,最后結(jié)尾的時(shí)候可以一方面總結(jié)代溝之原因,另一方面說出你的建議。例如:It is the lack of communication between the parents and the children that have led to the generation gap, and it is advisable that the both generations should talk more with each other to bridge the gap.
在高考寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,語(yǔ)言占了10分,內(nèi)容10分,結(jié)構(gòu)5分。但是事實(shí)上,掌握好結(jié)構(gòu)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了5分的收益。一個(gè)考生如果不懂文章應(yīng)該是什么樣的結(jié)構(gòu),就很可能不知道應(yīng)該如何構(gòu)思,不知道怎么構(gòu)思,文章的內(nèi)容就會(huì)不符合邏輯,甚至文不對(duì)題,導(dǎo)致在內(nèi)容上失分,而一個(gè)內(nèi)容不充實(shí)的文章,也很難在語(yǔ)言上出彩。這樣一來,結(jié)構(gòu)可謂牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身,關(guān)系到整篇文章的寫作。所以建議同學(xué)對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)好好研究,熟記于心。但同時(shí)要注意的是,要從本質(zhì)上來把握結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯,不必死板地套用結(jié)構(gòu),只要在邏輯上講得清楚就是一篇好文章。比如在細(xì)節(jié)論證的時(shí)候,有些同學(xué)如果使用了較長(zhǎng)的句子,只用一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)論證也是可以的。比如下面一篇文章從表面上看跟剛才講的2007年高考寫作略有區(qū)別,但本質(zhì)上其實(shí)是一個(gè)邏輯,請(qǐng)大家參考。
It is universally acknowledged that a good present is of great value to a person and even prone to change his or her life. As for me, one of the most meaningful presents I have given to my friends is a watch which had accompanied me for more than three years.
The watch was given to Tom, who is one of my best friends. Diligent and warm-hearted as he is, he sometimes has no sense of time, which causes him to be late for many things and leads to some trouble in work. By giving him such a watch, I hope he will pay more attention to punctuality, which will bring him more credibility in life and higher efficiency in both work and study. Besides, he used to tell me that he might feel lonely in the new environment after leaving the old friends in high school, and thus I hope that such a gift will remind him of the good old days we happily spent together and help him to feel better when he misses me.
Anyway, I do wish that Tom will like this present, which hopefully will bring him good luck and motivate him to fight for a better future.
寫作是高考英語(yǔ)中令很多考生感到十分苦惱的一個(gè)題型,也是一個(gè)失分率很高的題型。很多考生在寫作時(shí)面臨兩個(gè)主要的困境:
1、在高考時(shí)緊張的心理狀態(tài)下以及短暫的構(gòu)思時(shí)間中,很多考生針對(duì)題目中給出的話題可能在腦中浮現(xiàn)出一些觀點(diǎn),但仍然感到無從下手,不知道如何把這些觀點(diǎn)按照一定的結(jié)構(gòu)組織起來,使其不再是一個(gè)個(gè)的觀點(diǎn),而是一套觀點(diǎn)。
2、很多考生的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)功底不夠深,總是用過于簡(jiǎn)單化的句子甚至是中式的句子來表達(dá)自己的意思,這樣導(dǎo)致在語(yǔ)言上沒有亮點(diǎn),甚至還有很多語(yǔ)法等方面的錯(cuò)誤。
高考寫作評(píng)分要求中,對(duì)20-25分這一檔的文章有一條是:應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯。語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤,但為盡量使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致。由此可見,較為高級(jí)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)是寫作時(shí)的一個(gè)亮點(diǎn),這也就意味著考生需要挖空心思地使用一些有一定難度的句型、短語(yǔ)等,以此來表現(xiàn)自己的英語(yǔ)實(shí)力。
由于篇幅的限制,本文主要討論一下高考作文應(yīng)該如何去構(gòu)思。
首先大家應(yīng)該了解的就是高考寫作的結(jié)構(gòu)。一篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)就相當(dāng)于人的骨架。人的外形可以長(zhǎng)得千奇百怪,但有一點(diǎn)必然是一樣的,那就是每個(gè)人的骨架。有些畸形人之所以被視為畸形,就在于骨架跟正常人不一樣。高考作文也同樣如此,不同人寫的文章在遣詞造句等方面很可能是不同的,但作為一篇經(jīng)典的地道的英文議論文,其結(jié)構(gòu)必然是一樣的。高考作文作為一篇120-150words的議論文,可以用三段十到十二句話來搞定。
在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一段是引言段,其作用在于引出文章所要討論的話題以及全文的中心句。以2006年上海高考作文為例,其題目要求是針對(duì)自己心儀的兩所大學(xué)(南方大學(xué)和北方大學(xué)),通過比較做出選擇,并說明理由。這個(gè)文章,很顯然,其話題(topic)就是關(guān)于選擇南方大學(xué)和北方大學(xué)的事情,而中心句必然就是我的選擇的是什么。明白了這一點(diǎn),本文就很容易開頭了,比如可以這么寫: Whether to go to the north for college or to enter a southern university has become a practical and significant issue facing the Senior Three students in Shanghai. As for me, after some careful consideration, I have decided to stay in the south for the coming four years university life.
這個(gè)開頭一開始就提出了到底選擇哪個(gè)大學(xué)的問題,接著又提出了自己的選擇是什么。此處特別需要大家注意的是用詞的多樣化,注意避免重復(fù)。比如去南方/北方讀大學(xué)這個(gè)表達(dá)在文章中沒有重復(fù)過,分別使用了go to the north for college, enter a southern university, stay in the south for the coming four years university life.
再比如2007年高考題也可以如此開頭。2007年高考題目是:以禮物為主題寫一篇文章,該文章必須包括以下內(nèi)容:1、你送禮物的對(duì)象以及所送的禮物。2、該禮物對(duì)他(她)可能產(chǎn)生的影響或帶來的變化。
很多考生看到這個(gè)話題的時(shí)候就想象這個(gè)題目是不是在考一個(gè)記敘文,并且在看到題目的那一瞬間就開始構(gòu)思一個(gè)故事。這種思維是不正確的,會(huì)導(dǎo)致考生無從下手,甚至出現(xiàn)跑題現(xiàn)象。事實(shí)上,這還是一篇議論文,其中心就是分析一下禮物對(duì)一個(gè)人的影響。所以在文章的開頭首先應(yīng)該引出禮物這個(gè)話題,比如可以這么寫:It is universally acknowledged that a good present is of great value to a person and even prone to change his or her life. As for me, one of the most meaningful presents I have given to others is a watch which had been given to Tom, one of my best friends. 此處第(1)個(gè)句子引出了禮物這個(gè)話題,并且契合文章的主題,即禮物對(duì)一個(gè)人有著重要意義甚至改變一個(gè)人的生活。第(2)句話則引出了中心句,即禮物是什么,給了誰(shuí)。其中,黑體字部分是比較出彩的句型或短語(yǔ)。
接下來要進(jìn)行第二段也就是主體段落的寫作。主體段一般先寫一個(gè)過渡句,起到承上啟下的作用(有時(shí)候過渡句也可以省略)。然后再寫兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn),而每個(gè)分論點(diǎn)之后一般都有兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)論證,細(xì)節(jié)論證可以是作為論據(jù)支撐分論點(diǎn),也可以是對(duì)分論點(diǎn)的進(jìn)一步的闡釋。本文就以2007年高考作文為例解釋一下主體段落的寫作技巧。
在正式寫作之前,首先需要列一個(gè)提綱,知道自己將要寫什么。比如一塊手表給一個(gè)朋友帶來的影響可以有兩個(gè)方面:一、這個(gè)朋友以前沒有什么時(shí)間觀念,有了這塊表之后他可能會(huì)更加關(guān)注時(shí)間觀念,做事情更加準(zhǔn)時(shí)。二、這個(gè)朋友曾告訴你離開高中后很可能會(huì)十分想念高中的朋友,有了這塊表,可以使他不那么孤單。
首先做一個(gè)過渡:I wish that the present will bring him a number of influences.
接著寫第一個(gè)論點(diǎn)及其細(xì)節(jié)論證:First, hopefully, with the watch, he will pay more attention to punctuality, which is an important merit of a person. In the past, diligent and warm-hearted as he was, he sometimes had no sense of time, which caused him to be late for many things and led to some trouble in work. In the future, the watch will always remind him of the time so that he will be able to do everything on time.
再寫第二個(gè)論點(diǎn)及其細(xì)節(jié)論證:Whats more, I hope this watch will bring happy memories to him in the future. He used to tell me that he might feel lonely in the future after leaving high school and entering a completely new environment. The gift will surely bring him back to the good old days we gaily spent together and make him feel better when he misses the old friends in high school.
最后的總結(jié)一般用一句話即可,可以是對(duì)全文觀點(diǎn)的歸納,也可以順帶提出自己的一個(gè)建議或者希望。但是建議或者希望的內(nèi)容一定要簡(jiǎn)潔,否則就被視為跑題。
比如2007年高考作文的結(jié)尾就可以寫為: I do wish that Tom will like this present, which will bring him a profound influence and motivate him to fight for a better future.
另外如果文章討論的是一些具有負(fù)面影響的問題,也可以在結(jié)尾時(shí)順帶提一下如何解決這個(gè)問題,比如關(guān)于代溝產(chǎn)生的原因的話題,最后結(jié)尾的時(shí)候可以一方面總結(jié)代溝之原因,另一方面說出你的建議。例如:It is the lack of communication between the parents and the children that have led to the generation gap, and it is advisable that the both generations should talk more with each other to bridge the gap.
在高考寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,語(yǔ)言占了10分,內(nèi)容10分,結(jié)構(gòu)5分。但是事實(shí)上,掌握好結(jié)構(gòu)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了5分的收益。一個(gè)考生如果不懂文章應(yīng)該是什么樣的結(jié)構(gòu),就很可能不知道應(yīng)該如何構(gòu)思,不知道怎么構(gòu)思,文章的內(nèi)容就會(huì)不符合邏輯,甚至文不對(duì)題,導(dǎo)致在內(nèi)容上失分,而一個(gè)內(nèi)容不充實(shí)的文章,也很難在語(yǔ)言上出彩。這樣一來,結(jié)構(gòu)可謂牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身,關(guān)系到整篇文章的寫作。所以建議同學(xué)對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)好好研究,熟記于心。但同時(shí)要注意的是,要從本質(zhì)上來把握結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯,不必死板地套用結(jié)構(gòu),只要在邏輯上講得清楚就是一篇好文章。比如在細(xì)節(jié)論證的時(shí)候,有些同學(xué)如果使用了較長(zhǎng)的句子,只用一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)論證也是可以的。比如下面一篇文章從表面上看跟剛才講的2007年高考寫作略有區(qū)別,但本質(zhì)上其實(shí)是一個(gè)邏輯,請(qǐng)大家參考。
It is universally acknowledged that a good present is of great value to a person and even prone to change his or her life. As for me, one of the most meaningful presents I have given to my friends is a watch which had accompanied me for more than three years.
The watch was given to Tom, who is one of my best friends. Diligent and warm-hearted as he is, he sometimes has no sense of time, which causes him to be late for many things and leads to some trouble in work. By giving him such a watch, I hope he will pay more attention to punctuality, which will bring him more credibility in life and higher efficiency in both work and study. Besides, he used to tell me that he might feel lonely in the new environment after leaving the old friends in high school, and thus I hope that such a gift will remind him of the good old days we happily spent together and help him to feel better when he misses me.
Anyway, I do wish that Tom will like this present, which hopefully will bring him good luck and motivate him to fight for a better future.