一、演繹推理論證法

　　將一個(gè)具體的事例運(yùn)用到一個(gè)一般性原則從而得出結(jié)論。

　　論點(diǎn):Demand for this product wii go up。

　　論據(jù):The price of the product is sliding.

　　推理依據(jù):Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.

　　二、定義法

　　界定一個(gè)概念的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認(rèn)定某個(gè)事物符合某個(gè)定義，從而得出結(jié)論。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):Radical feminists are not good citizens.

　　論據(jù):Radical feminists lack family values.

　　推理依據(jù):Family values characterize the good citizes.

　　三、因果關(guān)系論證法

　　將一個(gè)判斷放入一個(gè)因果關(guān)系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是結(jié)果。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):The internet may be causing depression.

　　論據(jù):When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.

　　推理依據(jù):There are no other reasons for the groups depression.

　　四、歸納推理論證法

　　從若干個(gè)具體事例中推出共性的一般結(jié)論。如:

　　論點(diǎn):Everyone likes the movie.

　　論據(jù):I know three people who like the movie.

　　推理依據(jù):Three eaxmples are enough.

　　五、列舉特征式論證法

　　指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):The child has chickenpox.

　　論據(jù):The child has red spots.

　　推理依據(jù):These spots are signs of chickenpox.

　　六、類比論證法

　　用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較，并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種:縱向類比、橫向類比、比喻式類比。例如:

　　1.縱向類比

　　論點(diǎn):Many people will die of SARS.

　　論據(jù):Many people died of the Black Death.

　　推理依據(jù):SARS and Black Death are similar.

　　2.橫向類比

　　論點(diǎn):China should have its fighter carriers.

　　論據(jù):A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.

　　推理依據(jù):The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.

　　3.比喻式類比

　　論點(diǎn):Reading a difficult book should take time.

　　論據(jù):Digesting a large metal takes time.

　　推理依據(jù):Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.

　　七、引用權(quán)威論證法

　　引用公認(rèn)的權(quán)威，或者論證自己就是權(quán)威從而對自己的觀點(diǎn)加以論證。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):Chinas economy will grow 8 poercent this year.

　　論據(jù):Professors and scientists say so.

　　推理依據(jù):These experts are reliable.

　　八、訴諸嘗試法

　　利用人們的常識(shí)【包括:普遍的價(jià)值觀念、人的普遍動(dòng)機(jī)、生活常識(shí)】進(jìn)行論證。例如:

　　1.訴諸普遍性的價(jià)值觀念。

　　論點(diǎn):The university curriculum should be multicultural.

　　論據(jù):A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

　　推理依據(jù):You value equality and acceptance.

　　2.訴諸普遍動(dòng)機(jī)

　　論點(diǎn):You should support this candidate premier.

　　論據(jù):The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　推理依據(jù):You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　3.訴諸生活常識(shí)

　　論點(diǎn):She was very kind to me.

　　論據(jù):She treated me with the best tea she had.

　　推理依據(jù):A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.

　　九、反證法

　　假設(shè)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是正確的，然后卻推導(dǎo)出荒謬的結(jié)論。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):An industrious man must also be thrifty.

　　論據(jù):With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.

　　推理依據(jù):An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.

　　十、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)論證法

　　提供數(shù)據(jù)，以資論證。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):We should end the current poverty-relief program.

　　論據(jù):It costs $45 million per year.

　　推理依據(jù):This is too much;it proves we should end it.

　　只是一個(gè)詳細(xì)的結(jié)構(gòu)上的分析說明，在具體運(yùn)用時(shí)，我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起，但只要合理即可。論據(jù)可以自己編造，也可以是大眾的例子，關(guān)鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧，可能我們只用到某種或某幾種，但我們必須得會(huì)至少一種。

　　一、演繹推理論證法

　　將一個(gè)具體的事例運(yùn)用到一個(gè)一般性原則從而得出結(jié)論。

　　論點(diǎn):Demand for this product wii go up。

　　論據(jù):The price of the product is sliding.

　　推理依據(jù):Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.

　　二、定義法

　　界定一個(gè)概念的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認(rèn)定某個(gè)事物符合某個(gè)定義，從而得出結(jié)論。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):Radical feminists are not good citizens.

　　論據(jù):Radical feminists lack family values.

　　推理依據(jù):Family values characterize the good citizes.

　　三、因果關(guān)系論證法

　　將一個(gè)判斷放入一個(gè)因果關(guān)系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是結(jié)果。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):The internet may be causing depression.

　　論據(jù):When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.

　　推理依據(jù):There are no other reasons for the groups depression.

　　四、歸納推理論證法

　　從若干個(gè)具體事例中推出共性的一般結(jié)論。如:

　　論點(diǎn):Everyone likes the movie.

　　論據(jù):I know three people who like the movie.

　　推理依據(jù):Three eaxmples are enough.

　　五、列舉特征式論證法

　　指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):The child has chickenpox.

　　論據(jù):The child has red spots.

　　推理依據(jù):These spots are signs of chickenpox.

　　六、類比論證法

　　用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較，并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種:縱向類比、橫向類比、比喻式類比。例如:

　　1.縱向類比

　　論點(diǎn):Many people will die of SARS.

　　論據(jù):Many people died of the Black Death.

　　推理依據(jù):SARS and Black Death are similar.

　　2.橫向類比

　　論點(diǎn):China should have its fighter carriers.

　　論據(jù):A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.

　　推理依據(jù):The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.

　　3.比喻式類比

　　論點(diǎn):Reading a difficult book should take time.

　　論據(jù):Digesting a large metal takes time.

　　推理依據(jù):Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.

　　七、引用權(quán)威論證法

　　引用公認(rèn)的權(quán)威，或者論證自己就是權(quán)威從而對自己的觀點(diǎn)加以論證。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):Chinas economy will grow 8 poercent this year.

　　論據(jù):Professors and scientists say so.

　　推理依據(jù):These experts are reliable.

　　八、訴諸嘗試法

　　利用人們的常識(shí)【包括:普遍的價(jià)值觀念、人的普遍動(dòng)機(jī)、生活常識(shí)】進(jìn)行論證。例如:

　　1.訴諸普遍性的價(jià)值觀念。

　　論點(diǎn):The university curriculum should be multicultural.

　　論據(jù):A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

　　推理依據(jù):You value equality and acceptance.

　　2.訴諸普遍動(dòng)機(jī)

　　論點(diǎn):You should support this candidate premier.

　　論據(jù):The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　推理依據(jù):You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　3.訴諸生活常識(shí)

　　論點(diǎn):She was very kind to me.

　　論據(jù):She treated me with the best tea she had.

　　推理依據(jù):A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.

　　九、反證法

　　假設(shè)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是正確的，然后卻推導(dǎo)出荒謬的結(jié)論。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):An industrious man must also be thrifty.

　　論據(jù):With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.

　　推理依據(jù):An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.

　　十、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)論證法

　　提供數(shù)據(jù)，以資論證。例如:

　　論點(diǎn):We should end the current poverty-relief program.

　　論據(jù):It costs $45 million per year.

　　推理依據(jù):This is too much;it proves we should end it.

　　只是一個(gè)詳細(xì)的結(jié)構(gòu)上的分析說明，在具體運(yùn)用時(shí)，我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起，但只要合理即可。論據(jù)可以自己編造，也可以是大眾的例子，關(guān)鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧，可能我們只用到某種或某幾種，但我們必須得會(huì)至少一種。