2023考研英語閱讀互根除脊髓灰質炎
Eradicating polio,Late? Or never?
根除脊髓灰質炎,為時已晚?或絕無可能?
A plan to wipe out polio by the end of next year is in trouble
明年底消滅脊髓灰質炎的計劃倍受挑戰
HUBRIS is always dangerous. In 1977 smallpox was eradicated andan accidentalinfection in a British laboratory a year later asidethat claim has stood the test of time.
驕傲自滿通常是危險的行為。1977年，人類宣稱消滅了天花，這份聲明經歷了時間的考驗。
Having eliminated one viral disease, the authorities decided they ought to be able to get ridof another: polio.
在消滅了一種病毒疾病后，權威專家們認為他們有能力再消滅另一種病毒：脊髓灰質炎病毒。
That, though, proved a tougher opponent.
但實踐證明，脊髓灰質炎是個難以應付的對手。
The World Health Organisation s original target, set in 1988a polio-free world by 2000proved illusory.
世界衛生組織于1988年定下的原始目標到2000年實現全世界無脊髓灰質炎被證明是天方夜譚。
The latest deadline set by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative , the multinationalbody charged with dealing with the disease, is next year.
全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動小組是負責消滅該疾病的跨國機構,它將消滅脊髓灰質炎的最后期限定為明年。
On July 20th, though, Sir Liam Donaldson, once England s chief medical officer and now thechairman of an independent watchdog committee that scrutinises the GPEI s activities,published a report which says this deadline, too, is at risk.
但7月20日，利亞姆唐納森發布的一份報告指出這個最后期限也正面臨風險。利亞姆唐納森是英國前首席醫療官，現任負責審查 全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動 活動的獨立監督委員會主席。
In truth, the GPEI has not done badly.
事實上，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動一直成績卓著。
The number of cases of polio is a mere 1% of what it was in 1988.
目前，脊髓灰質炎的病例數量僅為1988年的1%。
But that number has hardly budged for several years.
而且在數年間，該數字幾乎都未發生變化。
Squeezing the last few cases out of existence has proved far harder than expected.
要想根除最后的少量殘存病例證明比預期更難。
Polio poses a particular challenge to countries with unstable politics and weak healthsystems.
在政治動蕩和衛生系統薄弱的國家，消除脊髓灰質炎將面臨很嚴峻的挑戰。
To contain outbreaks, surveillance must be vigilant: the virus usually lurks silently,paralysing just one carrier in 200.
為控制疾病爆發，必須在疫情監測上提高警惕：此種病毒通常悄無聲息地潛伏于人體內，每200名病毒攜帶者中僅有1名會遭受此病毒侵襲。
Moreover, the vaccine is delicate and must be kept cool.
此外，由于病毒疫苗的敏感特性使其必須在低溫下保存。
And immunisation requires repeated vaccinations.
并且要想實現免疫還需要反復接種。
Today polio is endemic in only four countries: Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan. Ithas, however, re-emerged in several others .
目前脊髓灰質炎僅在四個國家流行：阿富汗、印度、尼日利亞和巴基斯坦。但此病在其它幾個國家也曾死灰復燃。
Each endemic country has its own particular problems.
每個疾病流行的國家都有自己特殊的問題。
In Afghanistan the GPEI has failed to stop transmission in 13 war-ridden southern districts.
在戰火紛飛的13個阿富汗南部地區，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動沒能夠阻止疫情的傳播。
Most of India is free of the disease, but the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar continue tostruggle.
印度大部分地區都未出現該病疫情，但北方邦州和比哈爾邦州仍在與該疾病抗爭。
In 2003 and 2004 Nigeria was gripped by rumours that polio vaccine would sterilise childrenand infect them with HIV.
2003年和2004年，尼日利亞坊間盛傳脊髓灰質炎疫苗會使兒童絕育并讓他們感染艾滋病毒。
And although in Pakistan the incidence of polio dropped tenfold between 1995 and 2000,conflict, poor sanitation and a mobile population helped the number of cases jump by62% last year.
盡管巴基斯坦的脊髓灰質炎發病率在1995年到2000年間降低了10倍，但戰爭沖突、惡劣的衛生條件和人口的流動使病例數量在去年激增了62% 。
In 2010 the GPEI adopted a new strategy, with the goal of stopping transmission by the endof 2023.
2010年，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動通過了一項新策略，其目標是到2023年底阻止脊髓灰質炎的傳播。
If no cases are seen for three years after that, the disease will be certified as eradicated.
如果接下來的三年內無病例發生，那就證明該疾病被徹底根除了。
One priority of this new strategy is to work carefully with local leaders, to win support forimmunisation.
這項新策略的首要任務是尋求與疫情當地領導人的緊密合作，贏得他們對免疫行動的支持。
In Asia, where polio cases are concentrated in just a few places, the GPEI has tailored plansfor each of them.
在亞洲，脊髓灰質炎僅集中在少數幾個地區，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動已經為它們量身定制了幾套方案。
For example, better co-ordination between Afghanistan and Pakistan would help managecross-border transmission.
例如，阿富汗與巴基斯坦的通力合作有助于控制疫情的跨境傳播。
In Africa, where the virus now roams across a broad swathe of countries, the GPEI wouldscale up activity in places such as Angola, Chad, Guinea and Mali where polio has reappearedin recent years.
在非洲，病毒目前在眾多國家肆虐。近年來，脊髓灰質炎在安哥拉、乍得、幾內亞與馬里等國家死灰復燃，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動將擴大對它們的救治規模。
The response to new outbreaks would be swifter and stronger; the administration ofvaccines, broader. A new, more effective oral vaccine will help.
對新疫情爆發的反應將更加快速而有效，并且疫苗的投放范圍將更為廣泛。一種新型更為有效的口服疫苗也將對疫情防治有所幫助。
One final push
最后一搏
Sir Liam s committee was itself a product of this new strategy, and now it is fulfilling itsremit by pointing out where other components are going wrong.
利亞姆負責的委員會本身就是這項新策略的產物，他們要履行的職責是指出根除脊髓灰質炎行動計劃中的錯漏之處。
Though India has made gains, elections interrupted progress in Nigeria.
盡管印度在脊髓灰質炎防治方面取得成效，但尼日利亞的大選阻斷了該病所取得的進展。
Pakistan s emergency action plan seems to have had little effectthe country has recorded54 cases this year, double the number in the first half of 2010.
巴基斯坦的緊急行動計劃似乎也成效甚微該國今年已經發生了54宗病例，比2010年上半年增加一倍。
Countries with resurgent polio are struggling as well.
脊髓灰質炎復發的國家也面臨同樣的困境。
Chad, for example, has been slow to implement a strong plan of action.
例如乍得遲遲未付諸實施強有力的行動計劃。
The original strategy for the Democratic Republic of the Congo was to concentratevaccination in three provinces.
剛果民主共和國原先的策略是將免疫計劃集中在三個省。
However, transmission is now more widespread, so a broader campaign might provenecessary.
然而現在疾病傳播反而更加廣泛了，因此可能需要在更大范圍內與該疾病抗爭。
More than $8 billion has been spent to date, with more than $1 billion of that coming from theBill Melinda Gates Foundation.
迄今為止，各國已經投入了80多億美元對抗脊髓灰質炎，其中有十幾億美元資金來自于比爾蓋茨和梅林達蓋茨基金會。
Mr and Mrs Gates hope their investment will pay a big dividend.
蓋茨夫婦希望他們的投資會帶來很大成效。
A recent paper estimated that eliminating polio would bring a net benefit of between $40billion and $50 billion over the period from 1988 to 2035.
一份最近的報告估計從1988年到2035年間消除脊髓灰質炎將帶來400億到500億美元的凈收益。
But that assumed eradication by 2023.
但其前提是到2023年要將脊髓灰質炎徹底根除。
Donald Henderson, the doctor who led the campaign to rid the world of smallpox, predictsthat even if polio is deemed eradicated, vaccination will have to continue, just in case.
唐納德亨德森醫生曾領導消滅全世界天花的斗爭，他預測即使有天脊髓灰質炎被消滅了，免疫工作仍要繼續以確保萬無一失。
That will drive up costs.
但這將推高行動計劃的成本。
For now the GPEI is resolute. But the eradication campaign cannot last for ever.
目前全球根除脊髓灰質炎的行動是堅決的，但病毒消滅戰役不可能永無休止地進行下去。
Eradicating polio,Late? Or never?
根除脊髓灰質炎,為時已晚?或絕無可能?
A plan to wipe out polio by the end of next year is in trouble
明年底消滅脊髓灰質炎的計劃倍受挑戰
HUBRIS is always dangerous. In 1977 smallpox was eradicated andan accidentalinfection in a British laboratory a year later asidethat claim has stood the test of time.
驕傲自滿通常是危險的行為。1977年，人類宣稱消滅了天花，這份聲明經歷了時間的考驗。
Having eliminated one viral disease, the authorities decided they ought to be able to get ridof another: polio.
在消滅了一種病毒疾病后，權威專家們認為他們有能力再消滅另一種病毒：脊髓灰質炎病毒。
That, though, proved a tougher opponent.
但實踐證明，脊髓灰質炎是個難以應付的對手。
The World Health Organisation s original target, set in 1988a polio-free world by 2000proved illusory.
世界衛生組織于1988年定下的原始目標到2000年實現全世界無脊髓灰質炎被證明是天方夜譚。
The latest deadline set by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative , the multinationalbody charged with dealing with the disease, is next year.
全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動小組是負責消滅該疾病的跨國機構,它將消滅脊髓灰質炎的最后期限定為明年。
On July 20th, though, Sir Liam Donaldson, once England s chief medical officer and now thechairman of an independent watchdog committee that scrutinises the GPEI s activities,published a report which says this deadline, too, is at risk.
但7月20日，利亞姆唐納森發布的一份報告指出這個最后期限也正面臨風險。利亞姆唐納森是英國前首席醫療官，現任負責審查 全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動 活動的獨立監督委員會主席。
In truth, the GPEI has not done badly.
事實上，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動一直成績卓著。
The number of cases of polio is a mere 1% of what it was in 1988.
目前，脊髓灰質炎的病例數量僅為1988年的1%。
But that number has hardly budged for several years.
而且在數年間，該數字幾乎都未發生變化。
Squeezing the last few cases out of existence has proved far harder than expected.
要想根除最后的少量殘存病例證明比預期更難。
Polio poses a particular challenge to countries with unstable politics and weak healthsystems.
在政治動蕩和衛生系統薄弱的國家，消除脊髓灰質炎將面臨很嚴峻的挑戰。
To contain outbreaks, surveillance must be vigilant: the virus usually lurks silently,paralysing just one carrier in 200.
為控制疾病爆發，必須在疫情監測上提高警惕：此種病毒通常悄無聲息地潛伏于人體內，每200名病毒攜帶者中僅有1名會遭受此病毒侵襲。
Moreover, the vaccine is delicate and must be kept cool.
此外，由于病毒疫苗的敏感特性使其必須在低溫下保存。
And immunisation requires repeated vaccinations.
并且要想實現免疫還需要反復接種。
Today polio is endemic in only four countries: Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan. Ithas, however, re-emerged in several others .
目前脊髓灰質炎僅在四個國家流行：阿富汗、印度、尼日利亞和巴基斯坦。但此病在其它幾個國家也曾死灰復燃。
Each endemic country has its own particular problems.
每個疾病流行的國家都有自己特殊的問題。
In Afghanistan the GPEI has failed to stop transmission in 13 war-ridden southern districts.
在戰火紛飛的13個阿富汗南部地區，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動沒能夠阻止疫情的傳播。
Most of India is free of the disease, but the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar continue tostruggle.
印度大部分地區都未出現該病疫情，但北方邦州和比哈爾邦州仍在與該疾病抗爭。
In 2003 and 2004 Nigeria was gripped by rumours that polio vaccine would sterilise childrenand infect them with HIV.
2003年和2004年，尼日利亞坊間盛傳脊髓灰質炎疫苗會使兒童絕育并讓他們感染艾滋病毒。
And although in Pakistan the incidence of polio dropped tenfold between 1995 and 2000,conflict, poor sanitation and a mobile population helped the number of cases jump by62% last year.
盡管巴基斯坦的脊髓灰質炎發病率在1995年到2000年間降低了10倍，但戰爭沖突、惡劣的衛生條件和人口的流動使病例數量在去年激增了62% 。
In 2010 the GPEI adopted a new strategy, with the goal of stopping transmission by the endof 2023.
2010年，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動通過了一項新策略，其目標是到2023年底阻止脊髓灰質炎的傳播。
If no cases are seen for three years after that, the disease will be certified as eradicated.
如果接下來的三年內無病例發生，那就證明該疾病被徹底根除了。
One priority of this new strategy is to work carefully with local leaders, to win support forimmunisation.
這項新策略的首要任務是尋求與疫情當地領導人的緊密合作，贏得他們對免疫行動的支持。
In Asia, where polio cases are concentrated in just a few places, the GPEI has tailored plansfor each of them.
在亞洲，脊髓灰質炎僅集中在少數幾個地區，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動已經為它們量身定制了幾套方案。
For example, better co-ordination between Afghanistan and Pakistan would help managecross-border transmission.
例如，阿富汗與巴基斯坦的通力合作有助于控制疫情的跨境傳播。
In Africa, where the virus now roams across a broad swathe of countries, the GPEI wouldscale up activity in places such as Angola, Chad, Guinea and Mali where polio has reappearedin recent years.
在非洲，病毒目前在眾多國家肆虐。近年來，脊髓灰質炎在安哥拉、乍得、幾內亞與馬里等國家死灰復燃，全球根除脊髓灰質炎行動將擴大對它們的救治規模。
The response to new outbreaks would be swifter and stronger; the administration ofvaccines, broader. A new, more effective oral vaccine will help.
對新疫情爆發的反應將更加快速而有效，并且疫苗的投放范圍將更為廣泛。一種新型更為有效的口服疫苗也將對疫情防治有所幫助。
One final push
最后一搏
Sir Liam s committee was itself a product of this new strategy, and now it is fulfilling itsremit by pointing out where other components are going wrong.
利亞姆負責的委員會本身就是這項新策略的產物，他們要履行的職責是指出根除脊髓灰質炎行動計劃中的錯漏之處。
Though India has made gains, elections interrupted progress in Nigeria.
盡管印度在脊髓灰質炎防治方面取得成效，但尼日利亞的大選阻斷了該病所取得的進展。
Pakistan s emergency action plan seems to have had little effectthe country has recorded54 cases this year, double the number in the first half of 2010.
巴基斯坦的緊急行動計劃似乎也成效甚微該國今年已經發生了54宗病例，比2010年上半年增加一倍。
Countries with resurgent polio are struggling as well.
脊髓灰質炎復發的國家也面臨同樣的困境。
Chad, for example, has been slow to implement a strong plan of action.
例如乍得遲遲未付諸實施強有力的行動計劃。
The original strategy for the Democratic Republic of the Congo was to concentratevaccination in three provinces.
剛果民主共和國原先的策略是將免疫計劃集中在三個省。
However, transmission is now more widespread, so a broader campaign might provenecessary.
然而現在疾病傳播反而更加廣泛了，因此可能需要在更大范圍內與該疾病抗爭。
More than $8 billion has been spent to date, with more than $1 billion of that coming from theBill Melinda Gates Foundation.
迄今為止，各國已經投入了80多億美元對抗脊髓灰質炎，其中有十幾億美元資金來自于比爾蓋茨和梅林達蓋茨基金會。
Mr and Mrs Gates hope their investment will pay a big dividend.
蓋茨夫婦希望他們的投資會帶來很大成效。
A recent paper estimated that eliminating polio would bring a net benefit of between $40billion and $50 billion over the period from 1988 to 2035.
一份最近的報告估計從1988年到2035年間消除脊髓灰質炎將帶來400億到500億美元的凈收益。
But that assumed eradication by 2023.
但其前提是到2023年要將脊髓灰質炎徹底根除。
Donald Henderson, the doctor who led the campaign to rid the world of smallpox, predictsthat even if polio is deemed eradicated, vaccination will have to continue, just in case.
唐納德亨德森醫生曾領導消滅全世界天花的斗爭，他預測即使有天脊髓灰質炎被消滅了，免疫工作仍要繼續以確保萬無一失。
That will drive up costs.
但這將推高行動計劃的成本。
For now the GPEI is resolute. But the eradication campaign cannot last for ever.
目前全球根除脊髓灰質炎的行動是堅決的，但病毒消滅戰役不可能永無休止地進行下去。
