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高考英語語法復習專題(5)介詞和連詞

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高考英語語法復習專題(5)介詞和連詞

  語法復習專題(5)介詞和連詞

  (一、考點聚焦

  1、介詞的分類與語法功能

  (1)介詞是虛詞,不能單獨作句子成分,必須與名詞、代詞(或相當于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等)構成介詞短語,在句中充當一個成分。介詞分為:簡單介詞,如at、in、for等;合成介詞,如within、inside、onto、througout等;短語介詞,如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。雙重介詞,如from behind / above / under、until after等。分詞介詞,如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

  常見的介詞賓語:名詞、代詞、動名詞、從句、不定式等。如:

  ①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather

  forecast.

  ②He quarrelled with her yesterday.

  ③He succeeded in passing the final exam.

  ④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.

  ⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.

  (2)介詞短語在句中可作表語、定語、狀語和賓補等。如:

  ①This machine is in good condition.(表語)

  ②Where is the key to my bike?(定語)

  ③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(狀語)

  ④She always thinks herself above others.(賓補)

  2、介詞搭配

  (1)“動詞+介詞”搭配:注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個動詞搭配意義不同的情況。

  ①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“奪去、除去”意

  義的動詞與of 連用)

  ②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供給”意義的動詞與with連用)

  ③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat(“制作、制造”意義與of、from、into連用)

  ④介詞 + the + 部位與動詞的關系(=動詞 + sb.’s + 部位,可換用)

  strike him on the head(“擊,拍,碰,摸”意義與on連用)

  catch him by the arm(“抓,拉,拿,扯”意義與by連用)

  hit the boy in the face(“肚,胸,眼,臉”等人體前部與in連用)

  ⑤prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止,禁止”意義與from連用)

  ⑥persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.(“說服,建議”意義與into連用)

  ⑦buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意義與for連用)

  ⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意義與to連用)

  ⑨give sth. to sb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意義與to連用)

  注意:⑦⑧⑨可換成buy sb.sth.雙賓結構。

  ⑩say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper與“對象”連用必須用to)不可說suggest sb.sth.。

  同一動詞與不同介詞搭配意義不同。

  for(尋找)

  to sth.

  of(聽說)

  on(拜訪)

  look to (眺望)

  agree with sb.

  hear

  call for(需要)

  at(看)

  on sth.

  from(收到信)

  in(請)

  同一介詞與不同動詞搭配,意義各異。

  reply to the letter回信,sing(dance)to the music和……唱(跳),amount to 達到,加起來有……,devote to把……貢獻給,drink to為……干杯,object to反對,look forward to 渴望,come to蘇醒,belong to屬于,search for搜……,ask … for … 尋找,use … for用作,leave for前往,take … for誤以為,call of倡導,wait for等待,care for喜歡,make up for彌補損失,turn to求助(救)于,help oneself to隨意,agree to同意,compare … to把……比作,send for派人去請(拿)……,sail for駛向,航向,set out for動身去,go in for愛好……。

  (2)常見“形容詞 + 介詞”搭配。

  of擔心……

  about / at sth.

  afraid

  angry

  for 替……而擔心

  with sb.

  for sth.渴望……

  different from與……不同

  amxious

  about sth. / sb擔心……

  different to … 不關心……

  of討厭

  with sb.

  tired

  strict

  from/ with因……疲倦

  in sth.要求嚴格

  at擅長

  with sb.受……歡迎

  good for對……有益

  popular in some place流行在……

  of sb. to do so友好

  for … 因……而流行

  with + 名詞或what從句

  pleased

  helpful to對……有幫助

  at + 抽象名詞(聽 / 看到……而高興)

  to sb.為人所知

  known

  for因……而出名

  be familiar with熟悉

  as作為……出名

  be familiar to為……熟知(悉)

  sorry for … 替……后悔

  disappointed at sth.失望

  from缺席

  rich in富有……

  absent

  in離開此地去了……

  worthy of值得的,glad about sth. for sb.為某人某事高興,far from離……遠,grateful for sth. to sb.為某事感激某人,free from沒有……(免除……),proud of(take pride in)自豪,satisfied with (by)滿意,sure of / about確信,fond of喜歡,fit for適合,busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙著干某事,full of充滿,ready for準備,similar to相似,wrong with不對;有毛病……

  (3)“名詞 + 介詞”要注意習慣搭配和意義區分。

  the absence of water缺水

  the hope of success成功的希望

  have a chance of (for) entering college上大學的機會

  take pride in them為他們感到驕傲

  the key to the question問題的答案

  a medicine for cough治咳嗽的藥

  the ticket for tomorrow明天的票

  in Beijing去了北京

  his abesence

  from Beijing不在北京

  to study學習方法

  the way

  of studying maths學習教學的方法

  3、核心介詞用法歸納與辨析

  (1)表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。

  表示在某一較長時間內,如世紀、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in,

  如:in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。

  還可以用時段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如:in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意:

  ①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night(大夜間)。

  ②in five days(weeks, months, years)中in意思是“在……以后”。

  ③in和during表一段時間內兩詞可互用。如:in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有區別:當接表示“活動”的抽象名詞時多用during,接“活動”的動名詞及短語時用in。如:

  during the discussion

  in discussing the problem

  during her stay in Hubei

  in playing basketball

  during the course of

  in digging the tunnel

  (2)在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。

  on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning

  on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on

  Children’s Day

  on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1

  early on the morning of Oct.1(區別:in the late / early morning of Oct.1)

  on a rainy night, on warm winter days

  (3)表示某一時刻或某一點時間用at,如小時、分鐘等。

  at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six

  at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)

  at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。

  注意:有些時間名詞前不接介詞。如:

  next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years

  one、each、any、every、some、all修飾時,一般不用介詞,如some day

  one day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before

  (4)till、until、to的用法。

  ①till(until)與持續動詞連用一般用于肯定句中,與短暫動詞連用一般用在否定句中。如:

  He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

  He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).

  但注意:在句首出現或強調句型中一般不用till而用until。如:

  Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

  ②to表“終結”時常用和from連用,但要注意不與from連用時的意

  義。如:from July to September, from six to(till)eight(從……到……為止),但from morning till night(從早到晚),不能用to。from … to常構成習慣搭配,不可換用其他介詞。(A)表持久連續、傳遞、轉移的含義。from time to time(不時,有時),from day to day?(天天),from hand to hand(不斷傳下去),from place to place(處處,到處),from side to side(左右搖擺),from door to door(家家戶戶),from house to house(挨家挨戶),from shop to shop(一個商店接一個商店)。(B)表起始終止的全過程或程度加深、狀態變化。from beginning to end(從頭到尾,自始至終)(from the beginning to the end of…);from hand to mouth(),from bad to worse(越來越糟),from head to foot(從頭到腳),

  from top to bottom(整個地,徹底地),from top to toe(全身),from start to finish(自始至終,從頭到尾)。(C)from one + 名詞 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another(順著車廂依次地)。(D)名詞 + by + 同一單數名詞,表示“一個一個地”,要與from … to短語區別開:one by one 一個一個地;little by little(bit)一點一點地;step by step 一步一步地,逐漸地(但by and by 不久以后);sentence by sentence逐句地;day by day一天一天地;side by side(with…)(和……)并肩,一起;shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地,齊心協力;hand in hand 手拉手,緊緊地;face to face面對面。

  (5)in、after、later

  ①in + 一段時間:表示說話時為起點一段時間之后,與一般將來時連用;但表示“在……之內”時,用于各種時態。

  ②一段時間 + later(later是副詞):表示某一具體時間或某一方面具體時間算起的一段時間后。

  ③after + 一段時間表示:“在……之后”,用于一般過去時;但時間為點時間時,只能用after,即after + 點時間,用于各種時態。

  The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

  She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.

  He received her letter after four weeks.

  另外,in + 一段時間 + ’s + time 與 within + 一段時間的用法如下:

  in a week’s time = in a week

  They will arrive in three days’ time.(與將來時連用)

  My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表語)

  I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各種時態,不超出,在……之內)

  (6)地點介詞at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。

  ①at 在較小的場所,in在較大的場所,on在……的平面上。如at the

  door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。

  ②on、at、in還可以表示兩地相對位置。若A地屬于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接用on;無邊緣的銜接有to。如:

  Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外)

  Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范圍之外)

  Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗鄰)

  The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離)

  ③地點介詞的引申、比喻意義:in the sun在陽光下,in the dark(ness)在黑暗中,in the dark不知道,in freezing weather在嚴寒天氣中,in the mud在泥中,in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中,in the snow / wind在雪/風中,in public 當眾,in trouble 在困境中,get into trouble陷入困境,out of trouble擺脫困難,beyond hope絕望。

  ④across在物體表面“穿過”;through則表示在三維空間內部“穿過”。如:

  They walked across the playground.

  I walked through the forest.

  ⑤over / under / above / below。

  over、above譯作“在……之上”;under、below譯作“在……的下面”,其區別在于over、under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關系;而above、below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如:

  A little boat is now under the bridge.

  There is a bridge over the river.

  The sun sinks below the horizon(地平線)

  The window is well above the tree.

  ⑥表示地點介詞的靜態性和動態性

  He walked to the station()e walked towards the station.(動態,只表示方向)

  He is kind to (towards)us.(兩者通用)

  He is at the station.(靜態,表示地點)

  They arrived at the station.(動態,表示地點)

  He swam away from the ship.(動態“離開”)

  He stood away from the shop.(靜態“遠離”)

  He fell onto the floor.(動態“到地面”)

  The city is on the Changjiang River.(靜態“平面”)

  Go off the road.偏離了道路()ome along the river.沿著河過來(線)

  across the fields 跨過田野……,over the desert跨越沙漠

  across the river橫跨這條河……,over the hill翻過這座山

  be in the house(靜態,在這里……)stay out of the car(靜態,在……外)

  go into the house(動態,進入)fly out of the country(動態,離開)

  (7)表示方式、手段、工具的介詞

  ①by the year/hour/day按年/小時/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+單位名稱)但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按噸計。

  ②表泛指的方式、手段

  by post/mail郵寄,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(電訊器材),by electricity用電,by machinery用電器,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop

  ③交通工具類

  by bus/train/car/taxi(road)

  by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot

  by plane/jet/spaceship,by air

  by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water

  另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 經由,取道于,用……方法,with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permis-

  sion)。

  ④表方式、手段的其他用法

  He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具機器)

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