專題十三　名詞

　　◆名詞的考查要點(diǎn)

　　1．可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)

　　這里主要講其不規(guī)則變化。

　　(1)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工廠)，cattle。

　　(2)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boy-friend→boy-friends，go-between→go-betweens(中間人)，grown-up→grown-ups。

　　(3)有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods貨物，trousers褲子，belongings所有物，wages工資，riches財(cái)富，surroundings環(huán)境，ashes灰塵，compasses圓規(guī)，cattle家畜，congratulations祝賀，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高熱情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人問候，in rags衣衫破爛，It is good manners to do sth.有禮貌做某事。

　　(4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people，cattle，police; 有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看作整體，復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個(gè)成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(指?jìng)€(gè)體)。

　　2．不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)

　　(1)一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí)，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：

　　①抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。

　　抽象名詞(不可數(shù)) 具體化(個(gè)體名詞，可數(shù)名詞)

　　in surprise驚訝地 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事

　　win success獲得成功 a success一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)

　　win honor贏得榮譽(yù) an honor引起尊敬的人(事)

　　failure失敗 a failure失敗者

　　by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn) an experience一次經(jīng)歷

　　with pleasure樂意 a pleasure樂事

　　②抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。

　　A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

　　Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?

　　It is a waste of time reading such a novel.

　　She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

　　(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。

　　物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體時(shí)，有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些飲料，a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料，his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。

　　3．名詞所有格

　　“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：

　　(1)用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

　　(2)用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。

　　4．名詞作定語

　　英語中有些名詞沒有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞。

　　(1)分類意義。

　　air pollution 空氣污染boy friend男朋友

　　coffee cup咖啡杯

　　body language身體語言

　　road accident交通事故

　　the Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)

　　(2)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等。

　　Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生　Professor Li李教授

　　evening school夜校

　　winter sleep冬眠

　　(3)表目的、手段、來源、所屬意義。

　　reception desk接待臺(tái)

　　sports field田徑場(chǎng)

　　stone table石桌

　　color TV彩電

　　5．幾組常考名詞辨析

　　(1)cause，reason，excuse

　　cause是造成某種客觀事實(shí)或現(xiàn)象的原因，后接介詞of; reason是說明一種看法或行為的理由，后接介詞for; excuse是“借口、辯解”的意思。

　　Carelessness is the cause of the accident.

　　The reason for her coming late was that her car broke down on the way.

　　Late again! What’s your excuse of this time?

　　(2)sight，view，scene，scenery

　　①sight指“景色”時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞，往往指眼見的景色，如供人游覽的“美景”或“名勝”，尤指人工制成的景色。

　　Come and see the sights of London.

　　②view通常指自然景色，或指從遠(yuǎn)處或高處看到的景觀、景物。

　　We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.

　　③scene所表達(dá)的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞臺(tái)的場(chǎng)景、現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的場(chǎng)景、場(chǎng)面、情景。

　　The sunrise is a beautiful scene.

　　I was touched by the happy scene.

　　④scenery指某地總的自然風(fēng)景或景色，尤指美麗的鄉(xiāng)間景色，是不可數(shù)名詞。

　　The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.

　　(3)award，reward

　　兩者既可作名詞也可作動(dòng)詞。award用作名詞時(shí)，意為“獎(jiǎng)品”、“獎(jiǎng)金”，用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用于award sth.to sb.中；reward作名詞時(shí)，意為“報(bào)酬”、“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”、“報(bào)答”，用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用于reward sb.for sth.。

　　He won the first award in the singing contest.

　　He received a reward of $900 from the police for catching the criminal.

　　(4)habit，custom，customs

　　habit指?jìng)€(gè)人在長時(shí)間內(nèi)逐漸養(yǎng)成的、一時(shí)不易改變的行為和習(xí)慣；custom則強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)、民族經(jīng)過一個(gè)較長時(shí)間過程而形成的“風(fēng)俗”、“習(xí)慣”；customs為復(fù)數(shù)名詞，意思是“關(guān)稅”、“進(jìn)口稅”，當(dāng)首字母大寫并與the連用時(shí)表示“海關(guān)”的意思。

　　題組訓(xùn)練

　　選詞填空

　　1．“Tommy，run! Be quick! The house is on fire！” the mother shouted，with clearly panic in her voice.

　　2．There’s a tradition in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.

　　3．What’s the point，in your opinion，of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself?

　　4．The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.

　　5．Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children’s reach.

　　6．We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.

　　7．How can I reward you for your help?

　　8．Social customs vary greatly from country to country.

　　◆語法填空

　　A

　　In the clinic，I asked if Michael could be retested，so the specialist tested him again.To my 1.disappointment(disappoint)，it was the same score.

　　Later that evening，I tearfully told Frank 2.what I had learned that day.After talking it over，we agreed that we knew our son much 3.better(good) than the IQ test.We decided that Michael’s score must have been a mistake and we should treat him naturally 4.as usual.

　　We moved to Indiana in 1962，and Michael studied at Concordia High School in the same year.He got good grades in the school，especially 5.in biology and chemistry，which was a great comfort.

　　Michael entered Indiana University in 1965 as a pre-medical student，soon afterwards，his teachers permitted him to take more courses than required.In 1968，he was accepted 6.by the School of Medicine，Yale University.

　　On 7.graduation(graduate) day in 1972，F(xiàn)rank and I attended the ceremony at Yale.After the ceremony，we told Michael about the low IQ score he got when he was six.It was his special way of thanking us for the faith we had in him.

　　8．Interestingly(interest)，Michael then asked for another IQ test.We went to the same clinic，9.where he had received the test eighteen years before.This time Michael scored 126，an increase of 36 points.A result 10.like that was supposed to be impossible.

　　B

　　I still remember when father taught me how to say “I love you”，I would scream back with “I love you，dad.”

　　When I was growing up，I found that I had little in common 1.with my father.Sometimes we often argued about something 2.sharply(sharp) and then the argument changed into a quarrel.I knew there’s a gap 3.between us for the age.The words “I love you” disappeared for a long time.

　　My father needed 4.an operation，but the doctors weren’t sure 5.if/whether my father was able to survive it.Everything in my childhood 6.appeared(appear) in my mind.Then I called him and said，“Dad...I love you！” There was a 7.silence(silent) at the other end and he replied，“Well，I love you，too.”

　　A few weeks later I received my father’s call，“Paul，I love you.” I was so touched that my tears rolled 8.down my cheeks.Both of us realized that this special moment had taken our relationship to a new level.

　　At last，my father narrowly escaped 9.death(dead) following the heart operation.I can’t imagine that 10.if I did not take the first step and Dad did not survive the operation，what kind of life I would have now.

　　專題十三　名詞

　　◆名詞的考查要點(diǎn)

　　1．可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)

　　這里主要講其不規(guī)則變化。

　　(1)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工廠)，cattle。

　　(2)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boy-friend→boy-friends，go-between→go-betweens(中間人)，grown-up→grown-ups。

　　(3)有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods貨物，trousers褲子，belongings所有物，wages工資，riches財(cái)富，surroundings環(huán)境，ashes灰塵，compasses圓規(guī)，cattle家畜，congratulations祝賀，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高熱情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人問候，in rags衣衫破爛，It is good manners to do sth.有禮貌做某事。

　　(4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people，cattle，police; 有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看作整體，復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個(gè)成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(指?jìng)€(gè)體)。

　　2．不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)

　　(1)一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí)，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：

　　①抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。

　　抽象名詞(不可數(shù)) 具體化(個(gè)體名詞，可數(shù)名詞)

　　in surprise驚訝地 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事

　　win success獲得成功 a success一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)

　　win honor贏得榮譽(yù) an honor引起尊敬的人(事)

　　failure失敗 a failure失敗者

　　by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn) an experience一次經(jīng)歷

　　with pleasure樂意 a pleasure樂事

　　②抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。

　　A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

　　Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?

　　It is a waste of time reading such a novel.

　　She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

　　(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。

　　物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體時(shí)，有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些飲料，a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料，his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。

　　3．名詞所有格

　　“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：

　　(1)用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

　　(2)用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。

　　4．名詞作定語

　　英語中有些名詞沒有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞。

　　(1)分類意義。

　　air pollution 空氣污染boy friend男朋友

　　coffee cup咖啡杯

　　body language身體語言

　　road accident交通事故

　　the Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)

　　(2)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等。

　　Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生　Professor Li李教授

　　evening school夜校

　　winter sleep冬眠

　　(3)表目的、手段、來源、所屬意義。

　　reception desk接待臺(tái)

　　sports field田徑場(chǎng)

　　stone table石桌

　　color TV彩電

　　5．幾組常考名詞辨析

　　(1)cause，reason，excuse

　　cause是造成某種客觀事實(shí)或現(xiàn)象的原因，后接介詞of; reason是說明一種看法或行為的理由，后接介詞for; excuse是“借口、辯解”的意思。

　　Carelessness is the cause of the accident.

　　The reason for her coming late was that her car broke down on the way.

　　Late again! What’s your excuse of this time?

　　(2)sight，view，scene，scenery

　　①sight指“景色”時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞，往往指眼見的景色，如供人游覽的“美景”或“名勝”，尤指人工制成的景色。

　　Come and see the sights of London.

　　②view通常指自然景色，或指從遠(yuǎn)處或高處看到的景觀、景物。

　　We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.

　　③scene所表達(dá)的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞臺(tái)的場(chǎng)景、現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的場(chǎng)景、場(chǎng)面、情景。

　　The sunrise is a beautiful scene.

　　I was touched by the happy scene.

　　④scenery指某地總的自然風(fēng)景或景色，尤指美麗的鄉(xiāng)間景色，是不可數(shù)名詞。

　　The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.

　　(3)award，reward

　　兩者既可作名詞也可作動(dòng)詞。award用作名詞時(shí)，意為“獎(jiǎng)品”、“獎(jiǎng)金”，用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用于award sth.to sb.中；reward作名詞時(shí)，意為“報(bào)酬”、“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”、“報(bào)答”，用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用于reward sb.for sth.。

　　He won the first award in the singing contest.

　　He received a reward of $900 from the police for catching the criminal.

　　(4)habit，custom，customs

　　habit指?jìng)€(gè)人在長時(shí)間內(nèi)逐漸養(yǎng)成的、一時(shí)不易改變的行為和習(xí)慣；custom則強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)、民族經(jīng)過一個(gè)較長時(shí)間過程而形成的“風(fēng)俗”、“習(xí)慣”；customs為復(fù)數(shù)名詞，意思是“關(guān)稅”、“進(jìn)口稅”，當(dāng)首字母大寫并與the連用時(shí)表示“海關(guān)”的意思。

　　題組訓(xùn)練

　　選詞填空

　　1．“Tommy，run! Be quick! The house is on fire！” the mother shouted，with clearly panic in her voice.

　　2．There’s a tradition in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.

　　3．What’s the point，in your opinion，of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself?

　　4．The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.

　　5．Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children’s reach.

　　6．We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.

　　7．How can I reward you for your help?

　　8．Social customs vary greatly from country to country.

　　◆語法填空

　　A

　　In the clinic，I asked if Michael could be retested，so the specialist tested him again.To my 1.disappointment(disappoint)，it was the same score.

　　Later that evening，I tearfully told Frank 2.what I had learned that day.After talking it over，we agreed that we knew our son much 3.better(good) than the IQ test.We decided that Michael’s score must have been a mistake and we should treat him naturally 4.as usual.

　　We moved to Indiana in 1962，and Michael studied at Concordia High School in the same year.He got good grades in the school，especially 5.in biology and chemistry，which was a great comfort.

　　Michael entered Indiana University in 1965 as a pre-medical student，soon afterwards，his teachers permitted him to take more courses than required.In 1968，he was accepted 6.by the School of Medicine，Yale University.

　　On 7.graduation(graduate) day in 1972，F(xiàn)rank and I attended the ceremony at Yale.After the ceremony，we told Michael about the low IQ score he got when he was six.It was his special way of thanking us for the faith we had in him.

　　8．Interestingly(interest)，Michael then asked for another IQ test.We went to the same clinic，9.where he had received the test eighteen years before.This time Michael scored 126，an increase of 36 points.A result 10.like that was supposed to be impossible.

　　B

　　I still remember when father taught me how to say “I love you”，I would scream back with “I love you，dad.”

　　When I was growing up，I found that I had little in common 1.with my father.Sometimes we often argued about something 2.sharply(sharp) and then the argument changed into a quarrel.I knew there’s a gap 3.between us for the age.The words “I love you” disappeared for a long time.

　　My father needed 4.an operation，but the doctors weren’t sure 5.if/whether my father was able to survive it.Everything in my childhood 6.appeared(appear) in my mind.Then I called him and said，“Dad...I love you！” There was a 7.silence(silent) at the other end and he replied，“Well，I love you，too.”

　　A few weeks later I received my father’s call，“Paul，I love you.” I was so touched that my tears rolled 8.down my cheeks.Both of us realized that this special moment had taken our relationship to a new level.

　　At last，my father narrowly escaped 9.death(dead) following the heart operation.I can’t imagine that 10.if I did not take the first step and Dad did not survive the operation，what kind of life I would have now.