語法復(fù)習(xí)五：強(qiáng)調(diào)句、It的用法、省略和插入語
一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句
（一）強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型
1、陳述句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：It is/ was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語）+ that/ who（當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語且主語指人）+ 其它部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2、一般疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3、特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
4、強(qiáng)調(diào)句例句：針對I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。
強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
5、注意：構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句的it本身沒有詞義；強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用that, who，即使在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)也如此，that, who不可省略；強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)態(tài)只用兩種，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。原句謂語動詞是一般過去時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，用It was ，其余的時(shí)態(tài)用It is 。
（二）not until 句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句
1、句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，till, until可通用；因?yàn)榫湫椭蠭t is/ was not 已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
（三）謂語動詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)
1、It is/ was that 結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語，如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時(shí)，用助動詞do/ does或did。
e.g. Do sit down. 務(wù)必請坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他確實(shí)給你寫了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 過馬路時(shí)，務(wù)必（千萬）要小心啊！
2、注意：此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do/ does和did ，沒有別的形式；過去時(shí)用did ，后面的謂語動詞用原形。
二、It的用法
（一）作人稱代詞
1、it代替前面（或后面）的單數(shù)名詞或分句等所表示的事物。
e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）
Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）
They say he has left town, but I dont believe it. （it代替前面Theytown分句中的情況）
2、代替有生命但不能或不必分陰陽性的東西（包括嬰兒）。
e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree）
The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）
3、在某些習(xí)慣說法中，可以代替人。
e.g. ---- Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. ---- Who is it? ---- Its me.
---- Who are singing? ---- It is the children.
---- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.
4、it與one的區(qū)別：這兩個(gè)詞都可以代表前面說過的名詞，但it用于同名同物的場合；one則用于同名異物的場合。
e.g. ---- Do you still have the bicycle? ---- No, I have sold it.
---- Is this knife yours? ---- No. It is Xiao Zhangs. Mine is the one on the desk.
5、it與that的區(qū)別：兩詞都可代替某一特定名詞，但that指同一類，并非同一個(gè)。
e.g. The climate of South China is mild（溫和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）
The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）
（二）作無人稱代詞
it作無人稱代詞時(shí)，除了句中找不到它所代表的詞語外，另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是它后面的內(nèi)容都是表示天氣、時(shí)間、距離、度量衡及情況等。
It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).
It is noon.
It is a half hours walk to the factory.
It is eighteen square metres in area.
What does it matter?
（三）作強(qiáng)調(diào)詞，構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)
用以幫助改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使句子的某一成分受到強(qiáng)調(diào)。It is (was) + 所強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。在這個(gè)句型中，it本身沒有詞義。詳見一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
（四）引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語（賓語）
為了使句子平衡，常采用形式主語（或賓語）it ，而把真正的主語（或賓語）置于句子后面。通常引導(dǎo)詞it與它所代替的句子成分中間要夾有某些詞。
e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It與to go there on foot之間夾有takes half an hour四個(gè)詞）
We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it與that從句中間夾有 strange）
但有時(shí)it與所替代部分之間并不夾有其它詞。
e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因?yàn)榻樵~on之后一般不直接接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。注意：it不是多余的，不能當(dāng)作錯(cuò)句）
練習(xí)一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、It的用法
1. My bike is missing. I cant find ____ anywhere.
A. one B. ones C. it D. that
2. ---- Whos that? ---- ____ Professor Li.
A. Thats B. Its C. Hes D. Thiss
3. ____ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning.
A. It B. He C. She D. That
4. ---- Have you ever seen a whale alive? ---- Yes, Ive seen ____.
A. that B. it C. such D. one
5. The color of my coat is different from ____ of yours.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
6. ____ will do you good to do some exercise every morning.
A. It B. There C. Those D. You
7. We think ____ our duty to pay taxes to our government.
A. that B. this C. its D. it
8. The climate of Shanghai is better than ____ of Nanjing.
A. that B. it C. which D. what
9. ____ four years since I joined the Army.
A. There was B. There is C. It was D. It is
10. How long ____ to finish the work?
A. youll take B. youll take it C. will it take you D. will take you
11. It was through Xiao Li ____ I got to know Xiao Wang.
A. who B. whom C. how D. that
12. It was in the rice fields ____ we had our league meeting.
A. where B. that C. in which D. on which
13. It was on October 1st ____ new China was founded.
A. which B. when C. as D. that
14. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave?
A. and B. that C. thats D. so
15. Mary speaks in a low voice; ____ is difficult to know what she is saying.
A. it B. that C. so D. she
16. It was ____ I met Mr Green in Shanghai.
A. many years that B. many years before C. many years ago that D. many years when
17. ____ is not everybody ____ can draw so well.
A. It, all B. It, that C. There, who D. There, that
18. So ____ that no fish can live in it.
A. shallow is the lake B. the lake is shallow C. shallow the lake is D. is the lake shallow
三、省略
為了使講話和行文簡潔，句中某些成分有時(shí)可省略。省略可分以下幾種情況：
（一）簡單句中的省略
1、省略主語：祈使句中主語通常省略。其它省略主語多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括號內(nèi)為省略的詞語，下同）
(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesnt matter.
2、省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。
e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?
3、省略作賓語的不定式短語，只保留to。
e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- Id like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果該賓語是be動詞或完成時(shí)態(tài)，則須在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasnt finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
4、省略表語。
e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
5、同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分。
e.g. Lets meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
（二）并列句中的省略
兩個(gè)并列分句中，后一個(gè)分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（三）主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g. (Im) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
2、省略了一個(gè)從句或從句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。
e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today? ---- Im afraid not.
這種用法常見的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I(xiàn) dont think so比I think not更常用）。
（四）其它省略
1、連詞that的省略：
①、賓語從句中常省略連詞that，但也有不能省略的情況（參看名詞性從句等有關(guān)部分）。
②、在定語從句中，that在從句中作賓語時(shí)可省略。
③、引導(dǎo)主語從句、同位語從句等的連詞that一般不可省略。在表語從句中偶爾可省略。
2、不定式符號to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役動詞（如let, make, have）及感官動詞（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作賓語補(bǔ)足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被動語態(tài)中須把to復(fù)原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介詞but前若有動詞do，后面的不定式不帶to。
e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
3、在某些狀語從句中，從句的主語與主句主語一致時(shí)，可省去主語 + be部分。（參看狀語從句有關(guān)部分）
4、連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但后面的語序有變化（參見倒裝句有關(guān)部分）
5、主句與從句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
四、插入語
英語句子中（尤其在口語中）常插入一些單詞、短語或者句子，用來補(bǔ)充某些含義。語法上稱他們?yōu)椴迦胝Z。
（一）插入語的類型：
1、單詞（多是副詞），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。
e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起來倒是健康。
I can, however, discuss this when I see you.
2、短語
e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.
By the way, where are you from?
3、句子
e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.
Jack, as far as I know, isnt clever.
（二）插入語的位置
通常插入語位于句中，并用逗號隔開。但有時(shí)，也可位于句首或句末（見上面例句）。也有時(shí)，并不用逗號隔開。
e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我認(rèn)為，你明白你錯(cuò)了。
What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？
（三）插入語在句中的作用
一般來說，插入語在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入語抽去，句子的含義不大受影響。但是，有的插入語卻是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他這消息誰也不知道是從哪兒得來的。
（四）插入語的特殊用法
下面這種復(fù)雜的特殊疑問句，也可認(rèn)為包含有插入語。這種疑問句（有的語法書也稱為混合疑問句或連鎖疑問句）常用來征詢對方對某一疑問點(diǎn)的看法、判斷、認(rèn)識、猜度或請求對方重復(fù)一遍說過的話。口語中出現(xiàn)頻率極高。常用動詞有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。
e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?
When do you suppose theyll be back?
How old did you think she was
（五）大綱中要求掌握的常用作插入語的詞語
by the way 順便說，順便問一下；so far 到目前為止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足為奇；as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上；come along 快點(diǎn)，來吧；in other words 換句話說；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，結(jié)果。
練習(xí)二、省略和插入語
1. ---- Wont you have another try? ---- ____.
A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I wont C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I wont have
2. ---- I wont do it any more. ---- ____?
A. Why dont B. Why dont do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do
3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____.
A. No, I dont think B. I dont think C. No, I dont so D. I dont think so
4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____.
A. Dont hope to B. Lets hope not C. Not hope so D. Lets hope not to
5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something.
A. As B. As it is C. Its D. That is
6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president.
A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were
7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again.
A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When
8. ____ it rain tomorrow, Id stay at home.
A. Should B. Would C. When D. If
9. I like sports and ____ my brother.
A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes
10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri.
A. was B. He was C. who is D. although
11. ---- Arent you the manager? ---- No, and I ____.
