高中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):Since從句和名詞性從句的用法
Since從句的用法
1. Since從句為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)該從從句動(dòng)作完成時(shí)刻算起。
例如:
Things have changed a lot since I wrote to you last time.
自我上次給你寫(xiě)信之后,情況已發(fā)生了很大的變化。
She has lived with us since she has come here.
自從她來(lái)到這里,就一直和我們住在一起。
2. Since從句為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí),表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束。其含義與動(dòng)詞的詞義恰好相反,具有否定意味。
例如:
All has changed since he was at home.
自從他離開(kāi)家以后,這里的一切都變了。
I havent written to her since she lived in London.
自從離開(kāi)倫敦以來(lái),我還沒(méi)有給她寫(xiě)過(guò)信。
He has never been to see me since I was ill.
自從我病愈以來(lái),他一直沒(méi)有來(lái)看我。
Two years have passed since I last smoked.
我戒煙已經(jīng)兩年了。
但如果since從句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),則表示動(dòng)作由開(kāi)始延續(xù)至說(shuō)話的時(shí)候,具有肯定意味。
例如:
He has never been to see me since I have been ill.
自從我生病以來(lái),他一直沒(méi)有來(lái)看我。
She has talked little since she has stayed at home.
自從她呆在家里以后,就很少講話。
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year.
自從我們有了汽車(chē)后,年年都去野營(yíng)。
3. 在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,since從句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí),有時(shí)候也可以表示肯定意味。此時(shí),多半用ever來(lái)加強(qiáng)since的語(yǔ)義。
例如:
She has known me ever since she was a child.
她從小就認(rèn)識(shí)我了。
I have live here ever since I was born.
我生下來(lái)就住在這里。
4. 在it is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,since從句是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí),含有肯定意味。
例如:
It is three years since her husband left her.
她丈夫離開(kāi)她已經(jīng)3年了。
It is over sixty years since the Peoples Republic of China was established.
中華人民共和國(guó)已經(jīng)成立60多年了。
5. 在it is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,since從句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí),含有否定的意味。
例如:
It is three years since she stayed here.
她離開(kāi)這里已經(jīng)3年了。
How long is it since you were a league member?
你退團(tuán)有多久了?
6. 在it is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,since從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí),均含有否定意味。
例如:
It is five years since we have seen her.
我們已經(jīng)5年沒(méi)有見(jiàn)她了。
It was years since I had seen her.
在那之前,我已經(jīng)有好久沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到她了。
Its been a long time since Ive seen you.
我已經(jīng)很久沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到你了。
另外,①根據(jù)英語(yǔ)慣用法,since從句不可以否定形式出現(xiàn)。
例如:
It is four years since I have smoked a cigarette. 我已經(jīng)4年不抽煙了。
不可說(shuō):It is four years since I havent smoked a cigarette.
但由于下句中的since不作自從解,所以從句可以用否定形式。
例如:
I havent been out anywhere since I dont know how long.
也不知多久了,我哪兒也沒(méi)去過(guò)。
②Since從句通常不與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式連用。
例如:
Her mother died when she was a child.
她小時(shí)候母親就去世了。
不可說(shuō):Her mother has died since she was a child.
③Since前不可加表示時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ),但可以與ago連用。
例如:
She has lived with us since her mother died three years ago.
自從她母親3年前去世,她就一直和我們住在一起。
不可說(shuō):She has lived with us three years since her mother died.
④在It was five years ago since his father died. 一句中的since用錯(cuò)了,因?yàn)樵诤衋go的時(shí)間范疇里,已經(jīng)有了從過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)以來(lái)的時(shí)間,即已有了since的時(shí)間范疇,所以再用since是多余的。
改為:
It was five years ago that his father died.
他父親5年前去世了。
It is five years since his father died.
他父親去世已經(jīng)5年了。
名詞從句的用法
一.主語(yǔ)從句
主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較。
It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。
例如:
It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.
It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1) It is +名詞+從句
It is a fact that 事實(shí)是
It is an honor that 非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that 是常識(shí)
(2) it is +形容詞+從句
It is natural that 很自然
It is strange that 奇怪的是
(3) it is +不及物動(dòng)詞+從句
It seems that 似乎
It happened that 碰巧
(4) it +過(guò)去分詞+從句
It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道
It has been proved that 已證實(shí)
3. 主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況。
(1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
例如:
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens, It occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
例如:
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
例如:
It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí),主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
例如:
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
4. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別。
What 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ).表語(yǔ),而that 則不然。
例如:
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
二.賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)或介詞之后。
1. 作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。
(1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that 通常可以省略)
例如:
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
例如:
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)從句
例如:
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
例如:
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。
例如:
I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.
That 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ):
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類(lèi)詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
4. It 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)。
It 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ),還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾,特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。
例如:
We heard it that she would get married next month..
5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞。
這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類(lèi)詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
例如:
I admire their winning the match. (right)
I admire that they won the match. (wrong)
6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
有些動(dòng)詞不可用于動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+that從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,常見(jiàn)的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。
例如:
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)
7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移
若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為T(mén)hink, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上,從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。
例如:
I dont think this dress fits you well.(我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。) 三.表語(yǔ)從句
表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句,放在系動(dòng)詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)從句。可以接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that常可省略。另外,常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we cant get the support of the people
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.